浅析中学语法主谓一致

2013-04-29 00:43孙健妹
考试周刊 2013年85期
关键词:单数英语语法复数

孙健妹

初中英语教学中,主谓一致的语法教学是个难点,由初期的三单到就近原则和语法一致原则,这些常常让学生感到摸不着头脑,解题全靠直觉,错误百出。下面我就中学英语语法中的主谓一致进行小结。

1.名词做主语

(1)单数名词、不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式;而复数名词作主语,谓语则用复数形式。例如:This necklace belongs to Mrs.Smith.

(2)某些集体名词,如family,team,club,class,public,group等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。

例如:My family is a big one with eight people.

(3)某些集体名词,如people,police,clothes等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。

例如:The police have a suspect now,a man with blood on his shirt.

(4)表示成双成套的名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式,例如:glasses,shoes,chopsticks,pants等。例如:Your pants are in the washing machine.

但如果主语由“a kind of,a pair of,a series of等加名词”构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如:A pair of glasses is on the table.

(5)当表示国家、城市、人名、书名、报纸、杂志,以及组织机构等专有名词做主语时,作为整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:The United States lies in North America.

(6)news,maths,physics,politics等词貌似复数,实为单数,其谓语动词用单数。

例如:Maths is very popular in our class.

2.连接词连接的名词作主语

(1)用and或both...and连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。

例如:Walking and riding are good exercises.

注:A:并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念,谓语动词用单数形式。反之,用复数。

例如:The writer and teacher is coming.

The writer and the teacher are coming.

B:由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each,every等词修饰,结构是each/every+n.+and+(each/every)+n.,其谓语动词要用单数形式。

(2)当主语后面跟有as well as,along with,with,like,together with,but,except,besides,including,等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数由前面的主语而定。

例如:The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.

(3)many a+单数名词作主语,意义虽为“许多”,但谓语要用单数形式。

例如:Many a student has been to Shanghai.

(4)more than one+单数名词作主语,谓语用单数。

例如:More than one student has ever been to Beijing.

(5)主语是each/every+单数名词+and(each/every)+单数名词时,谓语动词用单数。

例如:Every man and every woman is at work.

(6)a/an+单数名词+or two作主语,谓语动词用单数。

例如:A student or two has failed the exam.

3.分数和量词作主语

(1)由a lot of,lots of,plenty of,all of,most of,some of,half of,(a)part of,rest of构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词形式要与短语中of后面的名词保持一致.例如:Lots of damage was caused by fire.

(2)表示数量的one and a half后的名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:One and a half hours is enough.

(3)表示时间、价格、度量、距离、金额、书名、重量、数目、长度、数学运算等的词或短语作主语时,它们通常作一个整体概念,谓语用单数形式。例如:Two months is a long holiday.

(4)分数(百分数)+of+名词做主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面的名词的数。

例如:Ten percent of the apples were bad.

注意:population一词,用作整体时,谓语动词用单数,用其部分做主语时,谓语动词形式用复数。如:The population of China is 13.6 billion and 70% of the population are peasants.

(5)a number of后面加复数名词或代词,其动词用复数形式;但the number of后面加复数名词或代词时,其谓语用单数。

例如:The number of the teachers in No. 2 Middle School is over 100. A number of them are young.

4.名词化的形容词做主语

如果主语由“the+形容词”结构担任表示一类人或物,谓语通常用复数,这类词有:the poor,the rich,the blind,the young,the old,the sick,the dead,the deaf and dumb.例如:The rich often help the poor.

5.从句、动词不定式、动名词作主语

(1)由what引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数,但当所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。

(2)动词不定式、动名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

(3)定语从句中主语是关系代词who,that,which时,谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。

注意:在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的定语从句中,从句谓语的单复数取决于one前面是否有the(only),the very。如果有,则从句的谓语动词用单数,如果没有the only, 就用复数形式。

参考文献:

[1]张道真.实用英语语法[Z]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社,1999.

[2]郭克晴.英语中考专项突破[M]. 北京: 中国社会出版社,2004.

[3]李洪涛.中学生英语语法大全.中国致公出版社,2001.

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