血小板相关检测指标在非酒精性脂肪肝中的研究进展

2015-02-21 16:59周方行杨燕
新医学 2015年12期
关键词:酒精性生化纤维化

周方行 杨燕

综述

血小板相关检测指标在非酒精性脂肪肝中的研究进展

周方行 杨燕

近年来非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的发病率逐年升高,加强对NAFLD的早期诊断、治疗以及提高对治疗效果及预后的判断准确率显得尤为重要。目前NAFLD的诊断多以临床表现为主,实验室检查为辅,其中,与血小板相关的生化指标被认为具有很好的辅助诊断作用,同时在疾病的预后评价中具有重要意义。因此该文就血小板相关的生化指标在NAFLD中应用的研究进展进行了综述。目前,在与血小板相关的生化指标中,AST/血小板及纤维化-4指数对NAFLD诊断过程中疾病的阴性预测值较高;血小板计数在诊断NAFLD肝脏炎症病变中的敏感性最好;而平均血小板体积、血小板生成素等指标的相关评价尚需要进一步研究检验,各指标与NAFLD的关系也有待进一步的深入探讨。

血小板;非酒精性脂肪肝;生化指标

非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)是指除外酒精摄入过多、病毒感染、自身免疫药物等所导致的肝脏实质细胞的脂肪变性,是以弥漫性肝细胞大泡性脂肪变为主要特征的临床病理综合征,其发病与代谢综合征密切相关,胰岛素抵抗以及“二次打击”学说等被大部分学者认为是NAFLD的发病机制[1-3]。NAFLD患者常伴有超体质量或肥胖、糖耐量异常或2型糖尿病以及血脂紊乱等,其发生继发性动脉粥样硬化、高血脂等疾病的风险会增加,肝纤维化以及肝硬化病变的程度也会加剧[2-4]。因此,尽早诊断NAFLD,对患者的治疗以及预后都有极大意义。目前,NAFLD的诊断多以临床表现为主,实验室检查为辅,肝活组织病理学检查(活检)是其诊断金标准,但在行肝活检时应考虑被检者有无罕见的疾病,以及有无危及生命的并发症,如出血等,应有节制地进行检测。因此,除了肝活检以外,越来越多的学者建议采用两种或以上的生化检测方法进行联合检测,以代替肝活检对NAFLD进行诊断[5]。

生化指标在NAFLD的诊断以及预后的评价中起着重要作用。其中,与血小板相关的生化指标已逐渐引起学者们的重视,尽管这些指标暂时不能取代肝活检作为诊断NAFLD的标准,但有研究证实其可起到很好的辅助作用[6-7]。越来越多的研究显示,血小板可以作为一种炎症与免疫细胞,参与多种慢性非传染性疾病的发生、发展过程[8]。其中,在NAFLD的发生过程中,血小板作为炎症触发的重要因素值得关注,血小板很可能参与了NAFLD的炎症反应,刺激NAFLD的发生,但机制尚未清楚。有研究显示血小板可作为NAFLD心血管疾病合并症的主要诊断指标之一,同时也可作为NAFLD中晚期肝纤维化的评价指标之一[9]。因此,总结与血小板相关的生化指标在NAFLD中所起的作用有助于指导疾病的诊断、治疗。目前主要的研究指标有AST/血小板(APRI)、血小板计数(PC)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、纤维化-4指数(FIB-4)、血小板生成素(TPO)等。本文将对上述与血小板相关的生化指标进行综述性评价及总结。

一、APRI

APRI最初为丙型肝炎病毒相关肝纤维化及肝硬化的诊断指标,而目前越来越多研究证实ARPI可作为预测NAFLD肝纤维化的一项重要指标,且有助于判断患者的预后与疾病进展,还可以在评价病情时代替肝活检等侵入性检查手段[10-11]。有研究显示,APRI在NAFLD进展期肝纤维化评价方面比公认的NAFLD肝纤维化评分更具优势,而且与AST/ALT相比,APRI能更好地预测NAFLD肝纤维化的进展[12]。然而一项研究得出相反结果,在印度居民中,AST/ALT与NAFLD的相关性比APRI更大[13]。另一些研究显示APRI是能有效评价NAFLD肝纤维化严重程度的指标[14-15]。有学者认为APRI较高的阴性预测值提示该指标在诊断NAFLD进展期肝纤维化的排除意义远大于预测意义[5]。也有学者认为APRI可能会误导NAFLD晚期肝纤维化的评价[16]。尽管存在以上争议,APRI作为简单的非侵入性评价指标,在NAFLD的诊治中仍起到了积极作用[17]。

APRI除了可应用于成年NAFLD患者外,也可用于儿童患者[18]。Yang等[19]指出,在预测儿童NAFLD肝纤维化中,APRI与FIB-4可能是有用的无创性指标。Sert等[20]建议在NAFLD肥胖少年中加测APRI,可能有助于预测其心血管疾病的发生风险。Alkhouri等[21]根据成人APRI在儿童患者中评价效果低的情况,开发了一种新的专用于儿科的NAFLD肝纤维化评分系统。综上所述,APRI能否作为儿童NAFLD肝纤维化评价指标,尚值得进一步探讨。

二、PC

PC作为一种新的NAFLD检测指标已逐渐被重视。有研究显示,NAFLD患者的PC较正常人低[22]。而且PC可作为判断NAFLD肝纤维化严重程度的理想指标[23]。PC的优点为容易测量和处理,成本效益高,并可准确预测肝纤维化的严重性,而且易于招募到NAFLD患者进行大规模的PC研究。有研究显示,包含PC的NAFLD肝纤维化评分系统是可行的,但其效度尚需作进一步的验证[24]。尽管PC可作为评价肝纤维化严重程度的指标,但其不能单独用于判断患者的病情[23]。

三、MPV

MPV是血小板活化的指标之一,还可作为不成熟或刚生成的血小板活性的判断指标[25]。有研究显示,MPV水平越高,肥胖人群患NAFLD的几率越高[25-26]。Shin等[26]的横断面研究表明,肥胖人群NAFLD的发病率随着MPV水平的增加而增高,且呈显著相关性。NAFLD患者的MPV明显高于正常人,其与疾病的严重程度成正比[27]。

在NAFLD患者中,MPV也可用于评价患者心血管疾病的发病风险。Alkhouri等[28]指出,在经肝活检确诊的NAFLD成年患者中,肝损伤和炎症的严重程度紧密联系,而MPV较大可能会增加其心血管疾病的发病风险。Alkhouri等[29]的另一项研究显示,合并动脉粥样硬化的NAFLD患者中存在血脂异常者的MPV大于血脂正常组。Arslan等[30]提出MPV增大可能是增加肥胖症患者心血管疾病发生风险的原因,MPV可作为检测NAFLD患者动脉粥样硬化程度的指标。但也有研究得出相反结果,MPV在健康人、NAFLD患者和酒精性脂肪肝患者中无明显差异,而且MPV不能评价NAFLD的相关情况[31]。

四、FIB-4

FIB-4包含ALT、AST、血小板及年龄4个指标,是评价肝切除术预后的指标,也是评价肝脏炎症程度的良好指标[14]。FIB-4在预测NAFLD肝纤维化中起重要作用,而且能较好地评价中晚期NAFLD肝纤维化程度[32]。Sumida等[33]认为,FIB-4优于其他非侵入性肝纤维化检测指标,具有较高的阴性预测值,能评价晚期肝纤维化。有研究显示,在NAFLD的肝纤维化评价指标中,FIB-4优于APRI、AST/ALT等,可能是最准确的评价NAFLD肝纤维化的指标[34]。

五、TPO

TPO是一种生长因子,主要调控巨核细胞的增殖分化与成熟,继而生成血小板。TPO的分泌水平受外周PC的影响,与其呈负相关。有研究显示,在肝硬化过程中血浆TPO的水平明显增高,TPO水平的增高可能是为了减轻NAFLD的炎症程度,临床医师应该提高患者体内TPO的水平[35]。TPO可作为新的检测NAFLD的指标,但其对疾病诊断及预后的指导作用还有待进一步的研究。

六、其他相关指标

除以上与血小板直接相关的指标外,与血小板间接相关的指标也对NAFLD的诊断与评价起不同作用,这些间接指标包括脾脏大小、肝脾比、凝血系统的部分指标等。

有学者认为,在NAFLD患者中,血小板减少可能是由脾功能亢进引起的[36]。脾脏功能亢进会减少红细胞及血小板。有研究显示,超声检查脾脏的纵轴长度可对NAFLD进行评价[37]。脾脏具有抵抗局部感染的免疫能力,与肥胖、免疫、炎症等相关,有研究显示肝脾比有助于区分单纯性脂肪肝与NAFLD[37]。检测脾脏不仅操作简单、经济,同时还有助于明确是否需要降低患者的体质量[38]。

NAFLD可能会破坏凝血系统的平衡,使凝血因子Ⅷ增多,CRP减少,引发肝纤维化以及心血管疾病[39]。同时,NAFLD可使纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)的水平升高,进而增加患者心血管疾病的发病风险[40]。但也有研究显示,PAI-1在NAFLD患者中无升高[41]。另有研究显示,凝血因子Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅺ、Ⅻ在NAFLD患者中增多,并与胰岛素抵抗相关,独立于年龄、性别等因素,说明NAFLD患者发生血栓的风险较高[42]。

另外还有学者探讨了脂联素、选择素、血小板衍生生长因子等血小板间接指标在NAFLD中的作用,但目前尚未得出明确的结论,需要进一步深入研究。

七、展 望

综上所述,血小板相关的生化指标在NAFLD的诊断以及预后中起一定作用,并越来越受到学者们的关注。但当前的研究多集中于血小板与NAFLD疾病的发生、对NAFLD继发心血管疾病的影响上,建议下一步可探讨血小板与NAFLD其他并发症的相关性。另外,应进一步提高无创的血小板相关指标对NAFLD的检测效能,发展完善的测量模型[43]。目前,血小板与NAFLD的研究多集中于国外,国内的相关研究较少,而且国外的研究多为横断面研究,样本量较少,且研究对象多为年轻患者,因此,进一步开展大样本量、不同年龄段的研究非常必要。

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Research progress of platelet-related biochemical indicators in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Zhou Fanghang,Yang Yan.Department of Nutrition,School of Public Health,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510080,China

In recent years,the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has increased year by year.It is of critical significance to improve early diagnosis and treatment,and enhance prediction of therapy efficacy and prognosis of NAFLD.Currently,NAFLD is mainly diagnosed through clinical symptoms,assisted by laboratory examination.Biochemical indicators related to platelet are considered to contribute to accurate diagnosis and evaluation of clinical prognosis.Therefore,this article summarized the research progress of platelet-related biochemical indicators in NAFLD.At present,the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase/platelet and FIB-4 index have higher predictive value of negative NAFLD.The sensitivity of platelet count has the highest sensitivity in hepatic inflammation of NAFLD patients.However,the predictive values of mean platelet volume,thrombopoietin and other indicators remain to be further elucidated.In addition,the relationship between NAFLD and each indicator should be further investigated.

Platelet;Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;Biochemical indicators

2015-06-29)

(本文编辑:洪悦民)

10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2015.12.003

510080广州,中山大学公共卫生学院营养学系

,杨燕,E-mail:yangyan3@mail.sysu.edu.cn

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