脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2与冠心病的研究进展

2022-05-09 00:43刘美高金娥
中国医学创新 2022年12期
关键词:冠心病

刘美 高金娥

【摘要】 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CHD),是由脂质代谢紊乱和慢性炎症性疾病导致冠状动脉病理改变的一类疾病,中老年人群中较常见,由多种炎症因子共同参与其发生发展,在心血管(CV)疾病中发病率和死亡率占重要比例。临床上对冠心病的相关诊断有着较多的检测指标,脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)就是最重要的一种,它对整个生命周期中的心脏症状、治疗和干预以及日常生活的影响和长期健康的评估都非常重要。本文拟Lp-PLA2在冠心病中的发展做一综述。

【关键词】 磷脂酶A2 冠心病 Darapladib

Research Progress of Lipoprotein Associated Phospholipase A2 and Coronary Heart Disease/LIU Mei, GAO Jin’e. //Medical Innovation of China, 2022, 19(12): -188

[Abstract] Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD), it is a kind of coronary artery disease caused by lipid metabolism disorder and chronic inflammatory disease, it is common in middle-aged and elderly people, and is involved in the occurrence and development of multiple inflammatory factors, accounting for an important proportion of the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is one of the most important indicators in clinical diagnosis of coronary heart disease, it is very important for cardiac symptoms, treatment and intervention throughout the life cycle, as well as the impact of daily life and long-term health assessment. This article reviews the development of Lp-PLA2 in coronary heart disease.

[Key words] Phospholipase A2 Coronary heart disease Darapladib

First-author’s address: Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010017, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2022.12.044

随着社会环境不断变化、不良饮食习惯及社会压力不断增加等,冠心病已经成为威胁人类健康的主要慢性疾病[1]。冠心病的发病因素也成为医学界研究的焦点。由于传统的致病因子不能满足冠心病的诊治,Lp-PLA2的出现刚好解决了这一困惑,它在冠心病中的机制已成为国内外学者最新的研究热点。Lp-PLA2对血管炎症具有高度特异性,在冠心病炎症和斑块破裂中起关键作用,它是一种慢性新型的炎症因子,容易使复杂易损斑块破裂,具有早期预测、高度特异性及敏感性等优势,能为冠心病患者提供一种更加全面的个体化治疗方案,并且能在预后诊断上为冠心病提供重要参考价值[2]。

1 Lp-PLA2的生物学特性

Lp-PLA2又称血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶(PAF-AH),是1980年在炎症细胞中发现的一种酶,是一种磷脂酶A2,主要存在于血浆中,小部分存在于细胞中,是一种分子量为45 kDA的丝氨酸酯酶,由441个氨基酸组成,属于磷脂酶A2超家族Ⅶ组。随后有研究发现肝细胞、主动脉细胞和脂肪细胞中也存在这种物质。Lp-PLA2主要与循环系统中低密度脂蛋白(LDL)结合,通过多种机制变成氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)中的氧化磷脂膽碱,激活炎症细胞并聚集到动脉粥样硬化斑块中,加重动脉粥样硬化病变。另一方面,Lp-PLA2还能水解和修饰血管内膜的金属蛋白酶(MMP)和促炎脂质物质形成,通过炎症反应链吞噬ox-LDL,最终加重冠心病相关的血栓形成、心血管事件发生[3-4]。

2 Lp-PLA2的检测方式及影响因素

目前国内外各个平台检测Lp-PLA2的方法各有所不同,主要通过酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测酶活性和酶浓度来测定Lp-PLA2浓度及活性[5],该方法为检测提供了一个更准确、快捷的方式。从大量检测研究中发现Lp-PLA2的活性与三高(高血压、高血脂、高血糖)人群有着一定的关联[6],和正常人群相比三高中Lp-PLA2的活性更高。在达拉斯心脏研究所和韩国队列研究中发现不同种族、性别、年龄的人群中Lp-PLA2也存在着差异,在种族中白种人群最高,其次是西班牙裔,亚洲人及黑人是最低[7-8]。性别方面,中年男性Lp-PLA2活性较中年女性要高,年龄越大,Lp-PLA2水平也越高。相应的有研究发现Lp-PLA2的活性与其基因型也有关系,在Lp-PLA2的基因型中Lp-PLA2活性GG基因型>GT基因型>TT基因型。

3 Lp-PLA2与冠心病

冠心病的發病机制主要是由炎症反应导致粥样斑块硬化或破裂的一个过程。大量的研究证明,Lp-PLA2活性在破裂的动脉粥样硬化斑块和炎症反应中居首位,并成为心血管风险的一个强大的独立预测因子[9-10]。

Lp-PLA2经乙酰基水解后生成游离的氧化脂肪酸和溶血磷脂。这两种因子可通过上调免疫因子(如细胞因子和黏附因子)促进金属蛋白酶的分泌,使得局部炎症反应加剧,然后加快斑块破裂、斑块的发展[11-12]。研究认为Lp-PLA2水平与斑块破裂有关,并且是冠心病发生的早期预测标志物[13-14]。升高的Lp-PLA2水平与斑块不稳定的发生率相关,这一发现也得到了其他研究的支持,不稳定的斑块组织中Lp-PLA2的水平明显增加[15-16]。该研究是第一个报道血液循环中Lp-PLA2浓度对冠心病有很重要的治疗和预测价值[17]。通过对79 036名参与者进行32项前瞻性研究发现Lp-PLA2活性及质量与冠心病风险呈持续相关[18-20]。向满林等[21]研究中,研究者将患有冠心病患者53例和健康对照组21例,通过ELISA检测所有患者血清Lp-PLA2浓度,经统计学SPSS19.0软件进行数据分析和处理后,结果显示患有冠心病患者的Lp-PLA2水平比健康组高。经过大量临床相关性研究和荟萃分析发现患者血浆Lp-PLA2水平与冠心病危险程度呈正相关[22-24]。随着冠心病诊疗进入腔内时代,冠脉造影已成为判定冠脉狭窄程度及冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块活动度的重要手段,从而间接反映易损斑块与Lp-PLA2水平[25-26]。

3.1 Lp-PLA2在冠心病中风险预测价值 Lp-PLA2在冠心病中具有基因多态性作用,因此Lp-PLA2表达水平也不一致[27-28]。Lp-PLA2则成为独立于冠心病传统的危险因素及心血管事件风险中重要预测物质[29]。在很多国内研究中发现Lp-PLA2基因多态性与冠心病的发生程度呈正相关[30-32]。Li等[24]通过纳入12项检查系统评价和荟萃分析Lp-PLA2活性与冠心病发生的风险关系,发现冠心病发生风险随着Lp-PLA2活性而增高。另外也有研究发现Lp-PLA2活性及多态性与冠心病发生风险无关联,如Gregson等[33]的荟萃分析显示Lp-PLA2基因多态性与冠心病发生风险无关联。Benderly等[34]的研究不支持Lp-PLA2活性与冠心病及心血管事件预测有显著相关性。大多数学者还是肯定Lp-PLA2与冠心病显著相关,但仍需要大量的前沿性临床研究来证实Lp-PLA2与冠心病之间的相关性。

3.2 Lp-PLA2的抑制剂Darapladib 对于冠心病的治疗临床主张降血脂、稳定斑块及预防心血管事件的发生。有研究显示在临床Ⅲ期试验中Lp-PLA2的抑制剂Darapladib正有此作用。Darapladib是一种强效可逆抑制剂,它的半衰期约为40 h,经肝脏代谢,具有很强的首过效应[35]。它主要通过阻断丝氨酸残基活性,下调炎症、细胞外基质和增殖相关的基因和信号通路的表达,减少动脉粥样硬化斑块内巨噬细胞浸润和炎症介质释放,预防心脏纤维化、心室肥大,从而有效减轻巨噬细胞浸润和炎症反应使斑块得以稳定[36]。它的抑制作用与血脂浓度无关[37],也不受他汀类药物影响[38]。大量的临床研究发现Darapladib在治疗期间可降低Lp-PLA2的活性,达到稳定斑块的目的[39-40]。同样也有研究证实Darapladib并不能降低冠心病及心血管事件的死亡率,如Prasad等[41]邀请54名冠心病患者参加随机口服Darapladib试验,最终发现Darapladib降低了Lp-PLA2的活性,但没有改善冠状动脉内皮功能。SOLID-TIMI52随机临床实验中发现Darapladib抑制Lp-PLA2的活性,但没有降低冠状动脉事件发生的风险[42]。Wallentin等[43]研究表明在接受Darapladib治疗前后,Lp-PLA2的活性基线降低了,但并没有延缓冠状动脉损伤的严重程度。在White等[44]随机对照试验中,稳定型冠心病患者口服Darapladib后,在3.7年的中位随访期间发现Darapladib没有降低心血管死亡率。可见Darapladib作为新的治疗目标而应用于临床还存在争议。

4 小结与展望

综上所述,据目前研究发现Lp-PLA2的作用与冠心病相关的斑块和血栓形成有关。Lp-PLA2作为心血管特异性炎症介导因子,为冠心病患者突发斑块破裂和静脉血栓形成提供了参考价值,在不稳定斑块和破裂斑块中Lp-PLA2呈高表达。也是冠心病相关发病率和死亡率的主要预测因子。但目前关于Lp-PLA2活性对冠心病和其他心血管事件中的风险预测价值、Darapladib治疗上仍存在巨大的争论和质疑,因此仍需要更多的临床研究来进一步探讨与分析。

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(收稿日期:2021-09-08)

①內蒙古医科大学 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010017

②内蒙古自治区人民医院

通信作者:高金娥

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