阅读“七选五” 一序一忌看四点

新疆 常玉国（特级教师） 施益军

阅读“七选五” 一序一忌看四点

新疆 常玉国（特级教师） 施益军

阅读理解“七选五”是阅读理解的第二部分，所考查的文段一般全文层次分明、条理清晰、逻辑严密，在语篇结构上通常使用明显的语言和格式标记，便于考生理解。

从第一部分的“四选一”到了“七选五”，挑战难度骤然增加；同时，“七选五”中多出的两个选项也常常具有很强的干扰性和迷惑性，所以此题得分率往往低于第一部分“四选一”阅读的得分。

针对这个问题，从事高中教学的各位同行应该各有妙招。笔者整合多年高三备考的教训与经验，尽力用比较简单且易于操作的方法对这个题型的解题策略进行阐释。在此，不揣陋见，与大家共商，以寻求适合考生的、比较清楚的解题思路和步骤。本操作程序就是“一序”“一忌”“看四点”。

一序：先看七、再读文，看文达到三目的

关于做题顺序，是先读文段，还是先看七个选项，大多数人倾向于先读文段。但是，笔者还是建议先看七个选项，再读短文。理由简单三条：一是时间有限，先看七个选项会比较省时；二是精炼，七个选项应该能够提供给我们足够的信息源；三是目的明确，即通过细读七个选项，我们可以实现以下三个目的：

目的一，准确判断文段体裁，理清结构易深入。

目的二，基本知道文章大意，整体理解更靠谱。

目的三，初步了解信息要点，利于回看找答案。

一忌：“选一个、划一个”，这个方法不足取

这道题目最大的风险是什么？连环错！不幸的时候可能会导致多个错误。原因就是做题时，我们选一个，划掉一个，美其名曰：逐步缩小包围圈。方法虽妙，但倘若前面我们错选了一个，鹊巢鸠占，结果就不妙了。

因此我们做题时要特别忌讳“选出一个划掉一个”，以避免造成一错再错，产生连环错误。特别是那些句子结构相同、句意相近的选项更是需要我们三思而定。

看四点：体裁、指代、连贯词，重复信息有价值

一、看文段体裁，用好鲜明特征

从近年高考所选材料来看，其体裁基本是说明文和记叙文（或夹叙夹议文）。说明文的特征是主题鲜明、层次清晰、语篇特征非常明晰。记叙文则以故事发展脉络为主线，为了有趣，常常会出现一些比较特别的记叙手法，因而会增加理解的难度。

二、看代词指代，寻根还需溯源

英语是一门非常讲究简洁的语言，所以在篇章中代词的运用很多，用于指代上文已经提到过的人、物或者整个事件。追根溯源，找到指代与被替代关系，会大大加快我们解题的速度。

三、看上下连贯，捕捉文段脉络

上下连贯是好的篇章的特点，常常靠“起承转合”来实现。“起”就是开端，或提出主题或吸引读者关注主题；“承”就是承接上文加以申述；“转”就是转折，指出问题或困难；“合”则是给出解决问题的方法或建议。这些特征在说明文和议论文中尤为明显。

四、看重复信息，把握内在联系

篇章终究还是相对完整的一个语义体，自然而然会有很多割裂不开的内在联系；这些联系常常靠同义词、近义词、反义词或者借助词性的变化来重复体现。而这些重复信息的存在，又为我们提供了良好的契机。

【高考链接1】（2017•新课标卷Ⅲ）

Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning and put the blame on the alarm clock.In fact, the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resetting your body clock. 36 .Here is how to make one.

● 37 In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important.Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reason,tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.

● Rethink mornings.Now that you know why you want to wake up, consider re-arranging your morning activities.If you want time to have breakfast with your family, save some time the night before by setting out clothes, shoes, and bags. 38 That’s a quarter-hour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer.

● Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends.If you’re tired out by Friday night, sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful.But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week, a recent study found.39

● Keep a record and evaluate it weekly.Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel.After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record. 40 If not, take another look at other methods you could try.

A.Get a sleep specialist.

B.Find the right motivation.

C.A better plan for sleep can help.

D.And consider setting a second alarm.

E.If the steps you take are working, keep it up.

F.Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.

G.Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee.

【方法例释】

“一序”：通过阅读这七个句子，我们可以得知：本段是一篇说明文； 主要提出了关于睡眠以及睡眠生物钟调整的几个建议。七个选项的排列为从最短句到最长句，呈梯形展示。

“一忌”：本篇的难点在于同一句式（祈使句）比较多，总共有六个，而这类相同句式的出现，极易造成“连环错”。

“四看”：答案解析过程。

36.C 前句说要调节生物钟，后句则提出要制定一个计划——其中的one就是代词，指代选项中出现的plan。本句为过渡句，承前启后。也是七个选项中唯一一个不是祈使句的选项。

37.B 本句所处位置在句首，根据说明文的特征，段首句一般多为主题句。结合本段中下文的问题，可知此处是说动机。

38.G 选项中的the 15 minutes和下句的a quarterhour正是最好的“重复信息”。

39.F 本句所处位置在段末，根据文体特征，一般用于总结本段。而本段中出现的Friday，Saturday，weekends就是此处no matter the day的重复信息。

40.E 结合下句的If not...正好体现了上下连贯，最终归“合”的典型语篇特征。

【高考链接2】（2017•新课标卷Ⅰ）

If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping.I would have laughed heartily.Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insects bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me. 36 .

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days offfrom work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.

I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another funfi lled holiday in the wilderness. 38 Instead, we had a popup camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.

39 We have done a lot of it since.Recently, we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set.There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator.The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.

40 It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature.I recommend that you find your way in style.

A.This time there was no tent.

B.Things are going to be improved.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F.After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

G.There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

【方法例释】

“一序”：通过阅读这七个句子，可以得知：本文是一篇记叙文； 以主人公“我”的旅行及野营经历为主线索。七个选项仍然从短到长，呈梯形排列。

“一忌”：记叙文是比较灵活的一种呈现方式。本篇的重点是对事件发生时间顺序的把握。可以说是极易“错一时，而乱全局”，造成“连环错”。特别是选项中的A、C、G和E、F两组选项更具有较高的相似性。

“四看”：答案解析过程。

36.D 本句所处位置为首段末句，末句常常用于总结前文，并给后文留下足够的伏笔。D选项中的however就起到了很好的转折作用，既照应了上文对于野营毫无兴趣的语境，又为下文态度的转变做出了安排。选项中的since then和文中的three years ago也是很好的“重复”信息。

37.C 此处为描写第一次野营经历的一句话，很容易在A、C、G上产生纠结。但后文We sleep in a tent,cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom 正是对于C选项中的一个关键词tough的最好诠释。

38.A 前句的代词another和选项A中的this time都有很好的“指示”作用，而下句的Instead又呈现了“转”的意义，与前文构成呼应关系。

39.F 选项E和F意义具有较高的相似性，试比较：I have certainly come to enjoy camping.和my family became quite interested in camping.但F项中的After the trip就起到了很好的“承接”作用，而后文的所做之事又正好做了阐释，前后连贯自然。

40.E 此处位于末段句首，应有总结全文之意。选项中代词I再次出现，恰好重申了作者的身份，而I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping既是对文章首段作者态度变化过程的一个总结，也很好地衔接了后文，形成了一个很好的文段结尾。

阅读“七选五”这道题目虽然看似难度不是很大，但因为题目主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握，加之缺乏有针对性的方法指导，以及平时训练中的错误累积，就导致了很大一部分考生的畏难情绪和“碰运气”心态。但是，若是在努力提升词汇量和学习基础语法知识的同时，采用一些切实可行的方法，就一定能够有效地突破这个瓶颈。

请您指导您的学生利用“一序”“一忌”“四看点”，试一试2017年新课标卷Ⅱ吧！

【牛刀小试】（2017•新课标卷Ⅱ）请依照本文所述“一序”“一忌”“四看点”解题方法完成下面阅读理解“七选五”练习。

Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 36 ,there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.

37 .Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.

When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then. 38 .It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions.

When you need to talk to someone, don’t do it in your own office. 39 , it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.

If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 40 .If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示 ) that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.

A.If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C.Set boundaries for yourself as your time goes

D.If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area

E.It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available

F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not

【方法例释】

“一序”：通过阅读这七个句子，我们可以得知：本段是一篇说明文；主要阐述了在忙碌的时候，如何避免被打扰的几个小建议。七个选项仍基本呈正梯形结构。

“一忌”：仔细观察选项就不难发现，选项中既有分句（B, D）又有完整的句子（A, C, E, F, G），所以在做题的时候一定看清语篇中所设的空到底是该填完整的句子还是要选分句；另外A和B意思相近，C和G，E和F结构相同，容易造成“连环错”。

“四看”：答案解析过程。

36.B 仔细观察第一空及后续句子 36 ,there are several ways to handle things可知，此处应该是填一个分句而不是完整的句子；同时句首第一个单词与选项中interruptions也是明晰的“重复信息”。

37.A 此空位于句首，根据说明文的“文体特征”，一般是一个主题句。但是学生容易根据后面两段段首都是以when开头，因惯性思维误选B。根据“意义复现”的原则，后文you have a million things to do”和选项中的busy一词恰好形成呼应。

38.E 根据前文“have set hours planned”安排好时间，“let them know to come back during that time”让他们知道在那个时间段回来，“that you’ll find them then”你将会去找他们；前几句表达的意思跟available意思相近，所以选E。

39.D 前文“don’t do it in your own office”正好与D 选 项“If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area”呈现“近义重复”。

40.G 选项中Leave it open和close it中的代词it正是“指代”了前文中的door。

新疆哈密市第二中学）