with复合结构和独立主格复合结构重难点突破

江西 王立新

with复合结构和独立主格复合结构是高三复习备考的重点、难点，也是每年高考的热点。学生对这两种复合结构颇感头痛，有时觉得无从下手。笔者认为，只要找出它们的异同点并进行对比，这两个重点、难点语法项目便很容易被突破。

一、两种复合结构的异同点

不同点：

with复合结构的构成：with +宾语（名词或宾格代词）+宾补（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、不定式七种形式）。

独立主格复合结构的构成：名词或主格代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、不定式七种形式。

相同点：

（1）with复合结构中的宾语和宾补、独立主格复合结构的前后两部分都是逻辑上的主谓关系。后一部分的七种形式（即逻辑谓语）的用法特征相同。

（2)两种复合结构在句中主要用作状语、定语；句法功能相同时，通常可以互相转换。

二、两种复合结构的用法特征

（1）with + 宾语（名词或宾格代词）+ 名词

名词或主格代词 + 名词

名词在这两种结构中均表示前面名词或代词的身份或类属。

With Mr. Wilson once the governor, the people had their rights to do everything.

= Mr. Wilson once the governor, the people had their rights to do everything.

（两种结构均作时间状语）

威尔逊先生以前执政时，人民有权做一切事情。

With his first shot a failure, he fired again.

= His first shot a failure, he fired again.

（两种结构均作原因状语）

他第一枪没打中，又打了第二枪。

The brave man fought the tiger, with astick his only weapon.

= The brave man fought the tiger, astick his only weapon.

（两种结构均作状语，表示伴随情况或行为方式）

那位勇士和老虎搏斗，木棍是他唯一的武器。

（2）with + 宾语（名词或宾格代词）+ 形容词

名词或主格代词 + 形容词

形容词在这两种结构中均表示前面名词或代词的特征或状态。

With the road muddy, they failed to arrive on time.

= The road muddy, they failed to arrive on time.

（两种结构均作原因状语）

由于道路泥泞，他们未能准时到达。

They were making asnowman, with hands red with the cold.

= They were making asnowman, hands red with the cold.

（两种结构均作状语，表示伴随情况或行为方式）

他们在做雪人，手冻得发红。

Close to the bank I saw deep pools, with the water blue like the sky.

= Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.

（两种结构均作定语）

靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。

（3）with + 宾语（名词或宾格代词）+ 副词

名词或主格代词 + 副词

副词在这两种结构中均表示前面名词或代词所处的状态或动向。

With supper over, they would gather to chat in the courtyard.

= Supper over, they would gather to chat in the courtyard.

（两种结构均作时间状语）

晚饭以后，他们总是聚集在院子里聊天。

The man entered the office, with his hat off and his head down.

= The man entered the office, his hat off and his head down.

（两种结构均作状语，表示伴随情况或行为方式）

那个人走进办公室，脱掉帽子，低着头。

A damaged motorbike lay on the road, with the petrol out.

= A damaged motorbike lay on the road, the petrol out.

（两种结构均作状语，表示伴随情况或行为方式）

一辆损坏了的摩托车倒在路上，汽油流出来了。

（4）with + 宾语（名词或宾格代词）+ 介词短语

名词或主格代词 + 介词短语

介词短语在这两种结构中均表示前面名词或代词所处的状态。在这种类型的独立主格复合结构中，若逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词，在这些名词前习惯上不用限定词（冠词或物主代词）；如果是复数名词，则可用物主代词。

A man, with a gun in his hand, suddenly appeared in front of the house.

= A man, gun in hand, suddenly appeared in front of the house.

（不用a gun in the / his hand）

（两种结构均作状语，表示伴随情况或行为方式）

一个人手拿着枪，突然出现在屋子前方。

So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master,with a bowl and aspoon in his hand.

= So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master,bowl and spoon in hand.

（不用a bowl and aspoon in the / his hand）

（两种结构均作状语，表示伴随情况或行为方式）

于是，奥利弗手拿饭碗和汤匙从桌旁站起来，向管事主人走去。

Hearing the news, she sat still, with (her) tears in her eyes.

= Hearing the news, she sat still, (her) tears in her eyes.

（两种结构均作状语，表示伴随情况或行为方式）

一听到这消息，她在那里坐着发呆，两眼泪汪汪。

（5）with + 宾语（名词或宾格代词）+ 现在分词

名词或主格代词 + 现在分词

现在分词在这两种结构中均表示正在进行的动作。当逻辑主语是现在分词所表动作的承受者时，现在分词应用被动形式；当现在分词所表动作发生在句子谓语动作之前时，现在分词要用完成式。

With so many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off till the next week.

= So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off till the next week.

（两种结构均作原因状语；逻辑主语和逻辑谓语之间是主动关系，故用be的现在分词形式。）

因很多同志不在场，会议只好延期到下周开。

With the question being discussed, we didn’t go to have our lunch.

= The question being discussed, we didn’t go to have our lunch.

（两种结构均作原因状语；逻辑主语和逻辑谓语之间是被动关系，being discussed是现在分词一般式的被动语态，表示正在进行的被动动作。）

由于在讨论问题，我们没有去吃午饭。

With the rain having stopped, they hurried away.

= The rain having stopped, they hurried away.

（两种结构均作时间状语；现在分词所表动作发生在句子谓语动作之前，故用完成式。）

雨一停他们就匆匆离去了。

With all his money having been spent, Jack started looking for work.

= All his money having been spent, Jack started looking for work.

（两种结构均作原因状语；现在分词所表动作发生在句子谓语动作之前，且逻辑主语和逻辑谓语之间是被动关系，故用现在分词完成式的被动语态。）

由于所有的钱已花光，杰克开始找活干。

（6）with + 宾语（名词或宾格代词）+ 过去分词

名词或主格代词 + 过去分词

过去分词在这两种结构中均表示被动、完成的动作。该动作有时既带被动意义又带完成意义，有时只带被动意义。

With the duty completed, he had three months ’leave.

= The duty completed, he had three months’ leave.

（两种结构均作时间状语；过去分词表示被动、完成的动作。）

任务完成以后，他休了三个月的假。

The prisoner walked in front, with his hands tied behind him.

= The prisoner walked in front, his hands tied behind him.

（两种结构均作状语，表示伴随情况或行为方式；过去分词表示被动、完成的动作。）

犯人走在前头，两手反绑着。

With enough time given, this can be done.

= Enough time given, this can be done.

（两种结构均作条件状语；过去分词所表动作只带被动意义。）

如果有足够的时间，这事是能做得到的。

（7）with + 宾语（名词或宾格代词）+ 不定式

名词或主格代词 + 不定式

不定式的一般式表示动作发生了，指动作的全过程、事实，也可表示将来的动作。逻辑谓语还可能用不定式的进行式或完成式。当逻辑主语是不定式所表动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。

The two boys said good-bye to each other, with one to go home and the other to go to his friend’s.

= The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home and the other to go to his friend’s.

（两种结构均作状语，表示伴随情况或行为方式；不定式表示过去动作的全过程、事实。）

那两个男孩相互告别了，一个回家去，另一个到他朋友家去了。

We divided the work, with him to clean the window and me to sweep the floor.

= We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor.

（两种结构均作结果状语；不定式表示过去将来的动作。）

我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。

Here are the first three volumes, with the fourth one to come out next month.

= Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month.

（两种结构均作状语，表示补充说明；不定式表示将来的动作。）

这是头三卷，第四卷下月出版。

That’s twenty thousand dollars a year, with normal raises to be expected.

= That’s twenty thousand dollars a year, normal raises to be expected.

（两种结构均作状语，表示补充说明；不定式表示将来的被动动作。）

那是一年两万美元，还可以指望常规的加薪。

注意下面with复合结构中的不定式的语态：

With a meeting to attend, we could not go to visit him.

由于有一个会要参加，我们未能去拜访他。

（with复合结构作原因状语。虽然逻辑主语a meeting和逻辑谓语to attend之间是被动关系，但是句子的主语we是to attend的动作执行者，所以不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。）

With several letters to be typed, I must go and ask him for help.

有几封信要输入，我得去请他帮忙。

（with复合结构作原因状语。逻辑主语与逻辑谓语之间是被动关系，句子的主语并非不定式动作的执行者，所以不定式仍然使用被动语态。）

练一练，用with复合结构和独立主格复合结构完成句子翻译。

1. 学生们做完练习后，老师开始讲课文。

_______________, the teacher began to explain the text.

2. 工作做完之后，我们觉得很疲劳。

_______________, we felt very tired.

3. 他安静地坐在角落里，闭着双眼。

He sat quietly in the corner,_______________.

4. 地板又湿又脏，我们宁可站在外面。

_______________, we would rather stand outside.

5. 由于主任旅行在外，鲍勃负责这个部门的工作。

_______________, Bob is in charge of this department.

6. 老师走进教室，腋下夹着书本和地图。

The teacher entered the classroom,__________.

7. 他站在那里，嘴里叼着一根烟管。

He was standing there,__________ .

8. 他们同意分工干，每人翻译全书的三分之一。

They agreed on a division of labor,_______________ .

9. 她以前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的猫儿便是她唯一的陪伴。

She used to sit reading in the evening,_____ .

10. 这士兵肩上扛着红旗，向大楼顶部冲去。

__________, the soldier rushed to the top of the building.

11. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走路。

_______________, we had to walk.

12. 他的鞋子穿破了，他无法再继续步行。

_______________, he couldn’t go on foot any longer.

13. 很多人参加了这次会议，其中大多数是来自美国的专家。

Many people attended the conference,__________ .

14. 所有的窗户开着，屋子里的空气更新鲜了。

__________, the air in the room is fresher.

15. 考试结束了，我们有一段很长的时间可以休息。

_______________, we had a long time to rest.

16. 没人叫醒我，我会错过火车的。

I would miss the train,__________ .

参考答案：

1. With the students having done the exercises / Thestudents having done the exercises

2. With the work having been done / The work havingbeen done

3. with his eyes closed / his eyes closed

4. With the floor (being) wet and dirty / The floor (being)wet and dirty

5. With the director (being) away on a journey / The director (being) away on a journey

6. with books and maps under his arm / books and maps under his arm

7. with a pipe in his mouth / pipe in mouth

8. with each to translate one third of the book / each totranslate one third of the book

9. with her cat her only companion / her cat her only companion

10. With a flag on his shoulder / Flag on shoulder

11. With no buses being there / There being no buses

12. With his shoes worn out / His shoes worn out

13. with most of the experts from the USA / most of theexperts from the USA

14. With all the windows open / All the windows open

15. With the examinations over / The examinations over

16. with no one to wake me up / no one to wake me up