高考英语语法填空题解题之“授人以渔”

湖南 杨兵林

在对近几年全国卷高考试题的研究中我们发现，高考对于语法填空的考查难度并不大。从文本难度来看并没有超过初中水平的阅读难度。从语法点考查范围来看，近几年主要考查名词单复数，冠词，形容词与副词，代词，连接词，动词时态、语态，从句引导词以及非谓语等几个方面。从与考查的深度来看，非谓语和时态的考查点仅限于最基本的用法。

那么如何切实提高学生的语法填空题解题水平，减少不必要的丢分呢？笔者认为，“授人以鱼，不如授人以渔”。笔者的做法是让学生们以自己所使用的教材中出现的文章为例，弄明白高考语法填空题命题的一些常用技巧，从而让学生做到心中有数。下面是笔者如何训练学生提升语法填空题得分的一些思考。

1.精选原材料，把握文章难度以及所要考查的语法点。我们要提高学生的解题能力，一定要充分利用好教材中出现的文章。在选取教材中文章编写题目时一定要注意所选文章要情节完整，意思相对简单，句子结构多样但不复杂，无超纲词，能够被多数考生理解。

下面以译林版牛津教材M6U3，Part B为例（见教材P43），原文如下：

There are many different taboos around the world. A taboo is asocial action that is not allowed. Almost every culture in the world has its own taboos. Taboos are often connected with religion. Usually, taboos can include eating certain foods,relations between people, body language and gestures. The breaking of a taboo is usually upsetting or embarrassing for the person concerned and the people around him or her.

When you meet people from different cultures, it is important to understand what you can and cannot do. If we are not aware of these differences, some unusual things might happen. For example, if you are from India, you may not eat beef because of your religion, and it is rude to shake hands or give someone something with your left hand. In North America and the UK, people greet one another by shaking hands.In Thailand and other parts of South-East Asia, the normal greeting is aslight bow with the hands pressed together.Japanese people may bow and even give out their business cards to greet others. They dislike it when people do not look at the cards, so remember not to just put them in your pocket without looking. While these different forms of greetings and customs might seem strange to you, remember that what you consider normal probably seems just as unusual to others.

2.认真改编所选材料，引导学生们对所选材料进行适当精简，使得改编后文章在140～200词之间，基本信息完整，语法点齐全，句子结构和文章中大部分词汇不超过高一水平。从对近几年全国卷高考原题的研究来看，我们可以明确告诉学生们高考实际题目考查语法点难度并不会高于初三水平。我们在平时训练时可以稍高于高考。本题型中不要出现所谓的高级句型，而且考查从句时以名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句为主。考查的难度为第一层，主要考查关系词和连接词的简单用法。下面是笔者引导学生们经过讨论后改编出来的文章。

A taboo is asocial action that is not allowed. Taboos are often connected with religion. The breaking of a taboo is usually upsetting or embarrassing for the person concerned and the people around him or her.

When you meet people from different cultures, it is important to understand what you can and cannot do. If we are not aware of these differences, some unusual things might happen. For example, if you are from India, you may not eat beef because of your religion, and it is rude to shake hands or give someone something with your left hand. In Thailand and other parts of South-East Asia, the normal greeting is aslight bow with the hands pressed together. Japanese people may bow and even give out their business cards to greet others. They dislike it when you just put the cards in your pocket without looking. Remember that what you consider normal probably seems just as unusual to others.

3.认真指导学生们研究高考试题，确定本题可能考查的知识点。编制考点时要考虑不给词填空与给词填空考点的平衡分配，一般比例不超过3 ∶ 7，即无参考词填空一般不少于3个，不多于4个。在带领学生学习命制试题的同时要让学生明白，除了非谓语考点（不定式、现在分词、动名词和过去分词可选择一至三个考点）外，其他考点类型不重复。以下是学生们经过集体讨论之后列出来的一些考点。

A taboo is asocial action that is not allowed. Taboos are often connected with religion. The breaking of a taboo is usually upsetting or embarrassing for the person concerned and the people around him or her.

When you meet people from different cultures, it is important to understand what you can and cannot do. If we are not aware of these differences, some unusual things might happen. For example, if you are from India, you may not eat beef because of your religion, and it is rude to shake hands or give someone something with your left hand. In Thailand and other parts of South-East Asia, the normal greeting is aslight bow with the hands pressed together. Japanese people may bow and even give out their business cards to greet others.They dislike it when you just put the cards in your pocket without looking. Remember that what you consider normal probably seems just as unusual to others.

4.学生认真分析所编制的考点，确定所涉及的各考查知识点的参考答案。我们所提供的答案尽可能要具有唯一性。如有其他答案应同时列出，免生争议。以下是笔者的学生们经过集体讨论之后所完成的完整的语法填空作业练习。

A taboo is asocial action 1._____is not allowed. Almost every culture in the world 2. _____ (have) its own taboos.Taboos are often connected with religion. The breaking of a taboo is usually upsetting or embarrassing for the person concerned and the people around him 3._____her.

When you meet people from different cultures, it is important 4._____ (understand) what you can and cannot do.If we are not aware of these differences, some unusual things might happen. For example, 5._____you are from India,you may not eat beef because of your religion, and it is rude to shake 6._____(hand) or give someone something with your left hand. In Thailand and other parts of South-East Asia, the normal greeting is aslight bow with the hands 7._____(press)together. Japanese people may bow and even give out their business cards to greet others. They dislike 8._____when you just put the cards in 9._____(you) pocket without looking.Remember that what you consider normal 10. (probable)seems just as unusual to others.

参考答案：

1. which/that 2. has 3. or 4. to understand 5. if 6. hands 7. pressed 8. it 9. your 10. probably

从以上几个方面来看，在笔者的指导下，虽然我班的学生经过集思广益编写的题目不一定达到真正高考的要求，但多数学生已经基本了解了高考语法填空题的命题特点，而且他们现在在完成语法填空练习的时候得分也有了较大的提高，做题更是信心百倍。

备考建议：笔者认为，要提高学生语法填空部分的解题能力，应考方法是提分的途径之一，但提分的最基本的方面在于夯实学生的基础。平时备考的时候可以从以下几个方面入手：

1.大量阅读，养成阅读的习惯，扩大学生的阅读面，切实增加学生的词汇量，增强学生的语感和自信。

2.从提升学生的实际动手能力出发，充分利用教材中出现的文章，指导学生按照高考命题要求编制语法填空试题，切实提升学生的动手能力，让学生充分了解试题考查的方向和命题的规律。

3.注意整理、总结名词、形容词、副词、动词之间的常见词性相互转换的基本规律，这不仅仅是为了备考语法填空题，还可以提高英语基础，减少单词拼写错误，提升阅读文章的能力。如：

名词转化为形容词：use-useful；use-useless；manmanly；nature-natural；nation-national；culture-cultural ；tradition-traditional；

形容词和名词转化为动词：en+large =enlarge；en+danger =endanger；en+able = enable；

动词转化为名词：develop+ment =development；invent+tion = invention；decide+sion = decision；

形容词与副词转换时常见的规律是添加或去掉ly，如honest-honestly；general-generally；但我们平时要特别关注这几个词，如true-truly，而simple /probable /possible变副词时只去掉e然后添加上y，即simple-simply, probableprobably, possible-possibly。

常见反义词转化法：在进行反义词转化的时候让学生掌握常见反义词的构成方法，比如通过添加前缀：likedislike； happy-unhappy； possible-impossible；但同时也要关注irregular, illegal, abnormal这一类词。

4.让学生熟练掌握定语从句的一般用法，了解关系代词which，that，who，whose，who，as和关系副词when，where，why的使用规律，掌握定语从句的特点。能够书写一般的定语从句。

5.让学生熟练掌握名词性从句。其中，重点掌握宾语从句和表语从句的引导词，主语从句中it引导形式主语的用法，what引导名词性从句的用法。

6.引导学生掌握状语从句中常见连接词的用法。常见的连接词有and，if，when，while，until，unless，because，so，though/although，however，but，whether，as和or等。

7.引导学生掌握八种基本时态以及三种有关虚拟语气时态的基本句型。

从基础上储备好常用知识，从方法上了解试题命制的技巧，平时加以配套训练，学生们的语法填空解题能力自然就能提高，这反过来又能促进学生综合能力的提高。