浅谈初中英语语法“被动语态”的教学

蔡　红

从七年级到九年级我们一直在学习主动语态，逐渐形成了用主动语态处理语言的思维习惯，用被动语态思维的意识却相对薄弱。而英语中的动词有两种语态，所以，同学们首先要树立两种语态，两者兼顾、全面思考问题的意识。笔者根据多年的教学经验，下面谈谈自己教学总结。

一、语态概述

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。例如：Many people speak Chinese.谓语speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people.主语Chinese是动词speak的承受者。

二、动语态的构成

英语中的被动语态是各种时态结合在一起使用的，其构成是由"助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词"构成。（不及物动词无被动语态），人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。例如我们来看下面不同时态的被动语态的构成.（括号里的句子为各种时态的例句举例）

①一般现在时：am／is／are＋动词的过去分词

（The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.）

②一般过去时：was／were＋动词的过去分词

(The classroom was cleaned by students just now)

③一般将来时：will／shall+be＋动词的过去分词

(The classroom will be cleaned by students.)

④过去将来时：would/should+be+动词的过去分词

(The classroom would be cleaned by students)

⑤现在进行时：am／is／are+being＋动词的过去分词

(The classroom is being cleaned by students)

⑥过去进行时：was/were+being＋动词的过去分词

(The classroom was being cleaned by students.)

⑦现在完成时：have／has+been＋动词的过去分词

(The classroom has been cleaned by students)

⑧过去完成时：had+been+动词的过去分词

(The classroom had been cleaned by students)

三、被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

例如：Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)

This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。

(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。

例如：The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。

This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。

(3)当动作的执行者不是人时，使用别动语态，例如：

①The house was washed away by the storm（这栋房子被暴风吹倒了）

②We are all shocked by the news of his sudden death （他的突然去世使我们大家都感到很震惊）

四、如何将主动语态变为被动语态

1、一般的主动语态变成被动语态的方法

把主动语态变为被动语态时，先把主动结构的宾语变成被动结构的主语，然后把主动结构的动词由主动语态变成被动语态，再在动词被动语态后加介词by,再将主动语态结构中的主语放在介词by之后变成介词by的宾语。

①He wrote a letter → A letter was written by him

②They are building a road → A road is being built by them

③We shall finish the work soon →The work will be finished soon by us.

2、主动语态结构中含有两个宾语时，如何变为被动语态结构

当主动语态结构中含有两个宾语变为被动语态结构时时，一般把指“人”的间接宾语变为主语，指“物”的直接宾语保留不动。例如：

①We gave him some books →He was given some books by us.

②My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

③He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him

3、如何把含有宾语补足语的主动语态变为被动语态

含有宾语补足语的句子，宾语变为主语之后，宾语补足语改为主语补足语，原来的位置一般不变，但如果宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式，句子变成被动语态后则要加to，以便将两个动词隔开。这类动词有hear, watch, make, help, let等，如：①The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day. →My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.

②They saw him enter the room→He was seen to enter the room

③A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

五、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：

1. 不及物动词无被动语态。

What will happen in 100 years.

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。

This pen writes well.

This new book sells well.

3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。

例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

4、一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

We cant laugh him. →He cant be laugh by us.

He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse

总之，学习被动语态，要牢固掌握被动语态结构形式，即be+及物动词的过去分词。这是树立被动语态意念的关键，也是学好被动语态的主线和重点。 要灵活运用助动词be的不同形式。即在各种时态中及各种句型中的变化，如一般现在时态中be有is, am, are三种形式。一般过去时态中be有was, were两种形式。这两种时态的一般疑问句，否定句及特殊疑问句都是通过be来体现的，而带有情态动词的被动语态则是通过情态动词来体现的。这些变化形式同学们不妨在草稿纸上多练习几遍，就象我们在记数学、物理或化学公式一样，久而久之也就记住了。另外还要记牢过去分词，尤其是不规则动词的过去分词。