颈—股脉搏波速度与冠状动脉病变严重程度关系的研究*

2015-12-15 09:01陈炳伟王志广党爱民柳青吕纳强杨跃进
中国循环杂志 2015年4期
关键词:脉搏主动脉冠脉

陈炳伟,王志广,党爱民,柳青,吕纳强,杨跃进

颈—股脉搏波速度与冠状动脉病变严重程度关系的研究*

陈炳伟,王志广,党爱民,柳青,吕纳强,杨跃进

目的:探讨颈—股脉搏波速度(cfPWV)与冠状动脉病变严重程度之间的关系。

方法:共入选接受首次冠状动脉(冠脉)造影检查的患者319例。对所有患者的冠脉造影结果进行SYNTAX评分,评价其冠脉病变程度。118例冠脉造影显示未见≥ 50%狭窄作为对照组,其余201例患者依据SYNTAX评分分为低SYNTAX组(1~17.5分,n=96)和高SYNTAX组(18~72分,n=105)。测量入选患者的cfPWV。采用等级Logistic回归方法,分析SYNTAX评分与cfPWV的关系。采用ROC曲线分析cfPWV预测SYNTAX评分结果的准确性。

结果:在校正了年龄、性别、肥胖、吸烟、冠心病家族史、平均血压、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、踝臂指数、高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病等因素后,SYNTAX评分与cfPWV显著相关(OR=1.24,P=0.006)。进一步分析显示,cfPWV与SYNTAX评分的关系在男性、非肥胖、吸烟、糖尿病以及非高血压患者中更为密切。cfPWV预测SYNTAX评分≥33分具有较高准确性(ROC曲线下面积0.703)。

结论:作为评估主动脉僵硬度的“金标准”,cfPWV与冠脉病变程度有相关性。

主动脉僵硬度;动脉脉搏波速度;冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病;SYNTAX评分

Methods: A total of 319 patients who received the first time coronary angiography were studied. SYNTAX score evaluation was conducted to assess the severity of coronary lesions and the patients were divided into 3 groups: Control group, the subjects without coronary stenosis ≥ 50%, n=118, the rest 201 patients were divided as Low SYNTAX score (1-17.5) group, n=96 and High SYNTAX score (18-72) group, n=105. The cfPWV was measured in all patients, the relationship between SYNTAX score and cfPWV was studied by Ordinal logistic regression analysis, the accuracy for cfPWV predicting SYNTAX scoring was assessed by ROC analysis.

Results: With the adjusted factors of age, gender, obesity, smoking, family history of CAD, mean blood pressure, TC, HDL-C, ankle-brachial index (ABI), hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes, SYNTAX score was obviously related to cfPWV (OR=1.24, P=0.006). Further analysis for both High and Low SYNTAX score groups, the relationship between cfPWV and SYNTAX score was more close in patients with male gender, non-obesity, smoking, diabetes and non-hypertension. The accuracy for cfPWV predicting SYNTAX scoring had the higher sensitivity in patients with SYNTAX ≥ 33 (ROC=0.703).

Conclusion: As golden standard for measuring aortic stiffness, cfPWV is related to the severity of coronary artery lesions in relevant patients.

(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2015,30:326.)

颈—股脉搏波速度(cfPWV)是评估主动脉僵硬度的金标准[1,2],cfPWV升高是多种心血管事件的独立危险因素[3-6]。SYNTAX评分是一种评估冠状动脉(冠脉)病变的半定量工具,与既往的冠脉狭窄评分相比,它能更精确的反映冠脉狭窄的解剖学特征[7]。研究显示,SYNTAX评分可以预测冠脉血运重建患者的预后[8-10]。既往有研究证实,臂—踝脉搏波速度(baPWV)与SYNTAX评分相关[11]。虽然baPWV与cfPWV之间存在一定的相关性[12],但是后者作为评估主动脉僵硬度的“金标准”,其与SYNTAX评分之间的相关性少见报道。本研究探讨了cfPWV与SYNTAX评分之间的关系,并探讨cfPWV预测冠脉狭窄程度的价值。

1 资料与方法

研究对象:入选2012-07至2013-08期间在阜外心血管病医院11病区就诊并行冠脉造影检查的319例患者,平均年龄(55.4±10.6)岁,257例(80.6%)为男性。118例冠脉造影显示未见冠脉≥50%狭窄作为对照组,其余201例患者依据SYNTAX评分分为低SYNTAX组(1~17.5分,n=96)和高SYNTAX组(18~72分,n=105)。排除标准:已行冠脉介入治疗或者冠脉旁路移植术治疗、心肌炎、严重瓣膜病、先天性心脏病、结缔组织病、心功能不全(左心室射血分数<50%)、急慢性感染性疾病、自身免疫病以及严重的肾功能不全。

入选患者均采集其基本信息,并检测其血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇等指标。按《中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2010年版)》诊断糖尿病:空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L,或随机血糖≥11.1 mmol/L,或正在服用降糖药[13]。按《中国高血压防治指南2010》诊断标准诊断高血压:收缩压≥140 mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),或血压正常但正在服用降压药者[14]。肥胖定义[14]:体重指数(BMI)≥28 kg/m2。本研究经阜外心血管病医院伦理委员会通过,所有患者均签署知情同意书。

SYNTAX评分:SYNTAX评分由两位有经验的冠脉介入医生进行。两位医生所做SYNTAX结果具有较高的一致性(采用Bland-Altman分析)。评分时采用SYNTAX网站(www.syntaxscore.com)所提供的工具进行。在直径≥ 1.5 mm的冠脉中,每个狭窄≥50%的冠脉病变将依照评分标准给予打分,其总和即为SYNTAX评分。SYNTAX评分的临床意义在于能用于指导冠心病尤其是复杂冠脉病变患者接受血运重建治疗方法的选择。在冠心病介入治疗指南中将SYNTAX≥33分作为血运重建高危患者的标准[15]。

cfPWV及踝臂指数的测量:采用SphygmoCor仪器(AtCor Medical, Sydney,Australia)测量cfPWV。检测时,将压力记录探头放置于患者右颈动脉及股动脉,同时连接心电图。记录心电图波形校正的颈动脉及股动脉波形并计算两者之间的时间差,计算时采用连续10次波形记录的平均时间差。采样点之间的距离采用皮尺手动测量。cfPWV的数值即是将此距离用上述时间差相除得到的结果。测量获得四肢收缩压,即左肱动脉、右肱动脉、左踝动脉、右踝动脉的收缩压。肱动脉收缩压取两侧测量值的高值,并分别以左踝及右踝动脉的收缩压计算相应的左右两侧踝臂指数(ABI)。最后取左右两侧ABI的低值作为该患者的ABI纳入统计学分析。ABI是下肢动脉疾病诊断的重要指标。根据《欧洲心脏学会外周动脉疾病诊疗指南2011》,将ABI<0.9作为提示下肢动脉疾病的标准[16]。cfPWV及ABI均由同一名有经验的医生进行测量,该医生不知晓患者的临床情况及SYNTAX评分结果。

统计学处理:所有数据均采用SPSS 19.0软件进行分析。连续变量以均数±标准差表示,分类变量以频率及百分比表示。采用χ2检验比较分类数据,采用方差分析比较多组间连续变量。采用等级Logistic回归模型评估SYNTAXA评分与多个临床因素以及cfPWV之间的关系。采用试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线分析cfPWV对于SYNTAX评分≥33分预测的准确度,cfPWV预测SYNTAX评分≥33分的最佳界值是通过Youden指数来确定[17]。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 患者基本情况

三组患者的基本情况见表1。

表1 三组患者的基本资料比较(

表1 三组患者的基本资料比较(

注:1 mmHg=0.133 kPa

?

2.2 颈—股脉搏波速度与SYNTAX的关系分析

对SYNTAX分组行等级Logistic回归分析。三组间年龄、性别、肥胖、吸烟、冠心病家族史、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、ABI、高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病等因素存在统计学差异,校正了上述因素后,cfPWV与SYNTAX评分明显相关[比值比(OR)=1.24,95%可信区间:1.06~1.44,P=0.006,表2]。进一步分析显示,cfPWV与SYNTAX评分的关系仅在男性、非肥胖、吸烟者、糖尿病及非高血压患者中存在相关关系。图1

表2 319例患者颈—股脉搏波速度与SYNTAX评分多因素等级Logistic回归分析结果

2.3 颈—股脉搏波速度预测SYNTAX评分的评估

鉴于SYNTAX评分的界值33分对于评估冠心病血运重建风险的指导意义,将cfPWV对SYNTAX评分≥33分做ROC曲线(图2)。ROC曲线下面积为0.703(95%可信区间0.635~0.765)。通过Youden指数确定cfPWV的最佳界值为10.25 m/s (敏感度为44.4%,特异度为87.3%)。图3

图1 颈—股脉搏波速度与SYNTAX评分关系分析

图2 颈—股脉搏波速度预测SYNTAX评分≥33分的ROC曲线

图3 通过Youden指数判断颈—股脉搏波速度预测SYNTAX≥33分的最佳界值

3 讨论

多个临床指南推荐cfPWV作为评估主动脉僵硬度的“金标准”。研究显示,cfPWV不但可以作为冠心病、高血压以及卒中等心脑血管疾病发病的独立预测因素[4,5],同时还可以作为心血管事件以及全因死亡率等临床预后的独立危险因素[3]。在2013年《欧洲心脏病学会高血压诊疗指南》中,推荐将cfPWV>10 m/s作为高血压靶器官损害的重要指标[18]。

SYNTAX评分最初是作为SYNTAX研究的一部分,用于冠心病患者冠脉病变严重程度的量化评估[7]。之后越来越多的研究发现SYNTAX评分可以用于冠脉介入治疗后患者不良事件的预测[8,9]。许多学者还尝试将各种临床指标与SYNTAX评分进行结合,从而进一步提高了SYNTAX评分风险评估的临床应用价值[19]。

年龄和高血压等因素是冠脉粥样硬化和主动脉僵硬度增加的共同危险因素。在主动脉硬化病理发展中的一些基本过程如胶原纤维聚集、纤维化、炎症、中层平滑肌细胞凋亡以及钙化等,在冠状动脉粥样硬化中同样存在,可以说两者有着类似的病理生理机制[2]。既往研究利用冠状动脉钙化[20-22]、病变累及冠脉支数[23,24]以及冠脉狭窄总数[25]等指标作为评估冠脉粥样硬化严重程度的指标,发现其与主动脉僵硬度之间存在相关性。SYNTAX评分为量化评估冠状动脉粥样硬化提供了更为精确的指标。既往有研究证实baPWV与SYNTAX评分相关[10],然而baPWV明显受到外周动脉硬化的影响,主动脉僵硬度仅能解释其60%的结果[26]。与主动脉僵硬度相比,外周动脉僵硬度与Framingham 危险评分[27]、冠脉钙化[28]、冠心病发病率[29]以及心血管死亡率之间的相关性较差[30]。因此,各个指南中均将cfPWV作为评估主动脉僵硬度的金标准[1,2]。

本研究显示,在调整了其他动脉粥样硬化危险因素之后,SYNTAX评分所反映的冠脉狭窄严重程度与cfPWV所反映的主动脉僵硬度之间存在明显相关性。在预测冠心病血运重建高危患者时,cfPWV表现出一定的准确性,而得到的最佳切点值(10.25 m/s)非常接近目前指南中所推荐的用于判断主动脉僵硬度显著增高的界值(10 m/s)。利用cfPWV预测高SYNTAX评分,具有较高的特异度(87.3%),提示主动脉僵硬度显著增高的患者中,近90%合并严重冠脉狭窄,因此对于cfPWV大于10 m/s者,临床心血管病风险较高,应给予更为积极的干预。利用cfPWV预测高SYNTAX评分,敏感度较低,可能与各种危险因素对于冠脉粥样硬化和动脉硬化的影响程度不同有关,如主动脉僵硬度与年龄以及高血压等的关系更为密切[31-33]。同时本研究还发现,在具有男性、吸烟以及糖尿病等冠心病危险因素的患者中,cfPWV与SYNTAX评分的关系更为密切,提示对于此类患者,主动脉硬化与冠脉粥样硬化的关系更为密切。

本研究首次发现了cfPWV与SYNTAX评分之间的相关性,cfPWV可以作为高SYNTAX评分的预测因素。但作为横断面研究,本研究无法明确cfPWV在SYNTAX评分基础上能否增加其预测冠脉血运重建治疗后风险的能力等问题。未来需要更多的前瞻性研究对于动脉硬化与SYNTAX评分之间是否存在交互作用等问题进行更深入的探讨。

总之,作为评估主动脉僵硬度的“金标准”,cfPWV与冠脉狭窄严重程度有明确的相关性,其对于预测冠脉病变严重程度具有一定价值。

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Relationship Between Carotid-femoral Pulse Wave Velocity and Severity of Coronary Artery Lesions Measured by SYNTAX Score

CHEN Bing-wei, WANG Zhi-guang, DANG Ai-min, LIU Qing, LV Na-qiang, YANG Yue-jin.
Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing (100037), China

Objective: To explore the relationship between carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and the severity of coronary artery lesions measured by SYNTAX score.

Arterial stiffness; Pulse wave velocity; Coronary artery disease; SYNTAX score

2014-07-24)

(编辑:许 菁)

首都卫生发展科研专项项目(首发2011-4003-04)

100037 北京市, 中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 国家心血管病中心 阜外心血管病医院 心内科

陈炳伟 主治医生 博士 主从事冠心病学研究 Email: cbwmail@163.com 通讯作者:党爱民 Email: amdang@fuwaihospital.org

R54

A

1000-3614(2015)04-0326-05

10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2015.04.006

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