东京制造：第15年

利斯·比利亚尔瓦/Lys Villalba

东京制造：第15年

利斯·比利亚尔瓦/Lys Villalba

城市实验室

城市一直是乌托邦式憧憬、批判性思维以及颠覆性剧变的焦点，也是重大社会性、技术性及政治性变革的原点。城市空间的这种变革倾向在引发实际行动的同时，也催生了批判性思维：正如戴维·哈维在《叛逆的城市》［1］中以及亨利·列斐伏尔在《空间的生产》［2］中所宣称的那样，人们对于城市的权利事实上是一种能够改变世界、转化现实的动态权利。

从技术上讲，日本是一座建筑学实验室，而东京则是它最主要的实验台。大东京都市圈以3950万居民的庞大人口规模成为整个地球上人口密度最高的城市，而居高不下的土地价格则决定了其城市空间在持续不断的变革中所产生的异质性。在东京，建筑物的平均寿命约为30年，这些建筑的空间配置原则和功能上的混合方式在欧洲将是无法想象的。

日常城市主义：针对建筑学边缘领域的研究

那些非标准的、匿名的建筑看上去有些奇怪，仿佛是即兴创作的结果。然而，正是这些建筑定义了东京的城市空间所特有的混合特质。犬吠工作室所撰写的《东京制造》［3］的问世使得东京的这一特质成为了世界注目的焦点，今年则是这部著作问世的15周年。

正如该书作者贝岛桃代、黑田义三和塚本由晴所说，书中所记录的70栋建筑中没有一栋是由明星建筑师设计的。这些建筑并不符合传统意义上的建筑学审美，也不曾出现在任何城市导则标准当中。相反地，《东京制造》所关注的是日常中的城市，是那些通常被快速建造出来的非正式建筑，而这样的建筑通常都会被归入建筑学的边缘领域。

在过去的15年中，《东京制造》对于当代的建筑学辩论所产生的巨大影响实际上是双重的。首先，这本书强调了这些时常被忽视的匿名且未经计划的建筑的存在，并为建筑学带来了新的唯度——即建筑直接与现实相互作用。其次，它引入了一种新的方法论范式：绘图成为核心的研究工具，轴测视图作为标准的格式充分体现了对研究对象精确的观察、分析和再现。

意料之外的城市生态系统

《东京制造》对于这70个案例的检证同时也反映出了存在于建筑自身当中的城市生态系统：由建筑物、基础设施和景观构成的混合体对于不断变化的城市文脉所产生的具体需求进行进化式的回应。这些综合性的建造行为引发了一系列意料之外的共生现象，使得它们成为了反映城市连续性的一系列特殊案例。

金町的超级机动车学校——这座由驾驶学校和超级市场构成的建筑物的外形被其附近的火车轨道所划分；后乐的过山车大楼——游乐园、停车场、健身房和餐厅共同构建在长达150m的线性基地上；六本木的首都高速公路巡查大楼——高速公路从办公街区的中央穿过。这些仅仅是东京无穷无尽的建筑类型中的几个例子而已。

未完成性：城市空间的进化性特质

如果以城市的固有特质作为判断基准，《东京制造》中的建筑可以被视为尚未完成的建筑。这些建筑主动地选择了保留进化的余地，建筑与其所在环境都被默认为是不断变化的复合性城市空间的一部分。

城市的未完成性是当代的建筑学讨论与实践中根深蒂固的主题之一：从萨斯基雅·萨森以未完成性为主题的著作到斯图尔特·布兰特图文并茂的研究《建筑是如何学习的》［4］，对城市环境的适应能力应当被重新评估为一种优点。

东京制造：第十五年

《东京制造》是犬吠工作室15年前对彼时彼地所进行的快速影像记录。我十分好奇这些建筑物在一个不断变化的城市中是如何继续进化的，因而创立了“东京制造：第十五年”这样一个研究项目。通过针对书中所检证的70座建筑物进行再访，重新拍照并绘制图纸，以审视它们的进化并由此重新把握东京的城市脉搏。利用这70个具体的案例，我们的研究项目分析了东京在过去的15年间如何逐渐进化，并由此投射出其在经济、社会和技术上所产生的变革。

双重记录形式

“东京制造：第十五年”引入了两种互补的记录形式：70张照片和70幅图纸，这两种记录形式使得两种研究和解读能够平行地进行。我们这样做的原因在于，这两种记录形式所反映出的意图、思考和反馈是相互区别又互补的。照片使得实践研究的现场被忠实地记录下来，并被实时发送到madeintokyoupdate这个instagram（基于社交网络的图片分享网站）账号中，立即进入公众的视野。而另一方面，分析性制图将这些建筑的过去与现在重叠在一起，使其成为一种对于这些建筑的进化进行分析和检证的工具，强调变化对建筑本身产生的影响和其所处环境在经济、社会、政治以及技术上的现实状况。

工作方法：一次长达7周的自行车之旅

到达东京的第一天我就决定买一辆自行车，这或许应当成为这次实践研究在方法论上最为主要的决定之一。在2015年的10-11月间，我对书中记录的70栋建筑进行了再访，再次进行绘图并拍摄了照片，以获取它们的进化状况。得益于每天都要在东京市内骑行20～30km，我通过不断探索这座城市的日常生活以及对这70栋建筑的周边环境进行解读，对建筑本身的进化有了更充分的理解。

作为一种概括性的工作方法，这一研究项目希望能够通过观察进行学习，对于记录、分析以及分类后的发现进行研究。从记录到思考，知识上的拓展反过来又强化了实践自身。（李璠 译）

The City as a Laboratory

Cities have long been focus of utopian impulses，critical thoughts and disruptive revolutions， as well as origins from where major social， technological and political changes emerge. This revolutionary condition of the urban space has not only instigated actions but also critical thoughts: as proclaimed by David Harvey's Rebel Cities［1］and Henri Lefebvre's The production of Space［2］， the right to the city is indeed an active right to change the world， to transform reality.

Technologically， Japan is an architecture laboratory and Tokyo is its main experimentation room. Its extreme density-Tokyo is the most populous city on the planet， with 39，500，000 residents in the Greater Tokyo Area-and a high land price determine the heterogeneity of an urban space in continuous evolution. With an average lifespan of 30 years， Tokyo's buildings are defined by spatial configurations and functional crossovers that would be unthinkable in Europe.

Everyday Urbanism： A Research on the Margins of the Discipline

The hybrid identity of Tokyo's urban space，defined by non-standard and anonymous buildings，seemingly strange and improvised， became a focus for the world's attention with the publication of Made in Tokyo［3］by Atelier Bow-Wow， which celebrates its fifteenth anniversary this year.

As its authors Kaijima， Kuroda and Tsukamoto state， none of the 70 buildings featured in the book has been designed by a star architect. They do not fit with conventional ideas of architectural beauty， nor do they appear in any standard city guide. On the contrary，Made in Tokyo focuses on the everyday city， on the informal and immediate buildings that are usually relegated to the margins of the discipline.

Over the last fifteen years， Made in Tokyo's enormous influence on contemporary architectural debate has been twofold. First， the book enhances this anonymous and unplanned architecture that tended to be ignored， and brings new dimensions into the discipline in which architecture engages directly with the reality. Second， it introduced a new methodological paradigm: drawing became the central research tool and axonometric views a format for precise observation， analysis and representation.

Unexpected Urban Ecologies

Made in Tokyo's seventy case studies are examined as urban ecologies in themselves: a mixture of buildings，infrastructures and landscapes that are evolutionary responses to the specific needs of the different contexts of the city. These hybrid constructions give rise to unexpected cases of symbiosis， becoming singular examples of urban coherence.

The Super Car School in Kanamachi-a driving school and supermarket whose form is demarcated by adjacent train tracks， the Roller Coaster Building in Koraku-an amusement park， parking， gym and restaurant built on 150 linear metres， or the Expressway patrol Building in Roppongi-an office block with a motorway running through it. These are just some of the buildings that make up the infinite architectural typologies of Tokyo.

Incompleteness： The Evolutionary Quality of The Urban Space

As the inherent quality of the city， the buildings in Made in Tokyo can be seen as incomplete. This evolutionary capacity was one of the criteria for their selection； the building and the context are understood as part of a complex and ever-changing urban space.

The incompleteness of the city is ingrained in contemporary debate and practice: from Saskia Sassen's work on incompleteness to Stewart Brand's illustrated research How Buildings Learn［4］， the adaptive capacity of our built environment should be reconsidered as a virtue.

Made in Tokyo： 15th Year Update

Made in Tokyo is a snapshot of the here and now， taken fifteen years ago by Atelier Bow-Wow. Wondering how these constructions have evolved in a city in constant flux， I developed the Made in Tokyo: 15th Year Update1）research project， taking again the pulse of Tokyo through the same 70 constructions that were examined in the book， revisiting， redrawing and re-photographing them once again， including their evolution. Using these specific examples as 70 case studies， the project analyzes how the city has evolved during the last fifteen years， generating a reflection on economical， social and technological local changes.

Double Format

Made in Tokyo: 15th Year Update incorporates two complementary formats， 70 photographs and 70 drawings， which enables two parallel research readings.The intentions， reflections and repercussions generated by each format are both different and complementary. photographs allow a hands-on research recorded in situ and transmitted in real time on the Instagram account @madeintokyoupdate， immediately reaching the general public. On the other hand， each analytical drawing overlaps a past and present state and becomes a tool for analysing and examining the evolution of these buildings， addressing a later reflection on these changes and the economic， social， political and technological realities of these contexts. A short description of each case study， and on/off and category table with the same orders analysed in Made in Tokyo are included in every drawing.

Working Methodology： A Seven-Week Cycle Journey

On my first day in Tokyo I decided to buy a bike， and maybe this could have been the main methodological decision in this hands-on research. During October and November 2015 I revisited， redrew and re-photographed the 70 buildings that were featured in the book， looking for their evolutions. Due to the fact that I cycled 20 to 30 km of Tokyo everyday，I gained an understanding of the evolutions of all these 70 buildings by learning from their surroundings and discovering the everyday life of the city.

As a general working methodology， the project aims to learn through observation， working from the findings that have been documented， analysed and catalogued. From recording to reflection， the project furthers knowledge that enhances the practice itself.

注释/Notes：

1）“东京制造：第15年”是一个独立的项目，同时也是一个名为“建筑学原型：技术、经济和社会政治学变革之下的非标准工具”的项目的一部分。该项目是一个独立的理论-实践项目，目前由利斯·比利亚尔瓦主持进行，旨在研究建筑学和设计如何成为引发生态学层面、技术层面以及社会政治层面变革的工具。/Made in Tokyo: 15th Year Update， is a project in itself but is also one chapter of the larger project Architecture prototypes: Non- Standard Tools Towards Technological， Ecological and Sociopolitical Revolutions， an independent theoretical-practical project that Lys Villalba is currently developing，a research about how architecture and design can become tools for generating ecological， technological and sociopolitical revolutions.

/

［1］ David Harvey. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. Verso Books， 2012.

［2］ Henri Lefebvre. The production of Space. Wiley-Blackwell， 1991.

［3］ Momoyo Kaijima， Junzo Kuroda and Yoshiharu Tsukamoto. Made in Tokyo. Kajima Institute publishing Co， 2001.

［4］ Stewart Brand. How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They're Built. penguin Books， 1995.

05过山车大楼

“东京似乎蔓延着一种空白恐惧症。到处都可以看到人们对于找到空白空间并将之填满的欲望。”［3］《东京制造》对“自动尺度”建筑进行了分析，在这样的环境中，建筑的功能恰好与空白空间的尺度和比例相匹配。这座过山车大楼是自动宽度的一个实例：一座游乐园被建设在由一连串商店所构成的长达150m的建筑之上。在过去的15年中，这座过山车经历了拆除、重建并最终被拆毁，只剩下巨大的伞状构造物矗立在原地。而一座采用相同策略的新的巨大商业设施则在附近被建成。

05Roller coaster building

"There is a void phobia in Tokyo. Everywhere， the desire to find and fill gaps can be seen."［3］Made in Tokyo analized "automatic scaling" architectures， situations where a program just matches the gap in terms of size and proportion， not taking into account any other condition. This roller coaster building is an example of auto-width: an amusement park was built on top of a 150meters long strip of shops. During the last 15 years， the roller coaster was dismantled， rebuilt and finally demolished， leaving the parachute alone. A new huge commercial area has been built with the same strategy on the adjacent site.

1-仅有降落伞设施还保留着/Only parachute remains

2-过山车经过更新而后又被拆除/The roller coaster was updated and afterwards demolished

3-新过山车比以前的更大/New roller coaster is much bigger than the previous one

4-新商业区已建成/A new commercial area has been built

06从霓虹灯建筑到背光照明建筑

15年前这座建筑被完全包裹在霓虹灯广告牌之中，浑身上下是不断重复的产品分类而非具体品牌。现在，在2011年3月11日的大地震和海啸所引发的全国性节约用电政策之下，这里已经完全找不到霓虹灯广告牌。建筑物的立面被背光照明下的曲线形品牌广告牌所覆盖。同样与15年前相反的是，即使电器店的所有者仍然是同一家公司，现在打折的产品已不再是照相机而变成了手提电话。生意本身也产生了变化。

06From neon building to backlit building

15years ago this building was wraped with neon signs， repeating lists of products rather than brands. Nowadays there are no neon signs to be found anymore， following nationwide electricity restrictions after the devastating March 11 earthquake and tsunami. All the facade is covered by a curved backlit board with brands. Both opposites strategies. Even if the store is owned by the same company， the products on sale now are not cameras but mobile phones. The business has been also updated.

1-霓虹灯覆盖的建筑立面/Neon signs wrapped the building facades

2-夜间作为城市照明/During the night it becomes a light for the city

3-立面为新的一体式塑料背光板/The facade is a new one piece plastic backlit board

4-曾经列出产品列表，现在只剩下品牌名称/Lists of products were listed before， nowadays only brands

07从弹珠博彩的圣殿到卡拉OK圣殿

新宿的这3栋建筑构成了它们自己的都市生态系统。15年前，位于中央的建筑是一家弹珠博彩店铺，而几家高利贷机构则隐藏在它周围的建筑中为博彩参与者提供借款，它们共同构成了一个无限循环的产业链。现在，那些银行仍然坐落在相同的地方。新的商业模式也在这里出现—— 一家猫咪咖啡店，在这里你可以在享用咖啡的同时与猫为伴。

07From pachinko cathedral to karaoke cathedral

These three buildings in Shinjuku are one urban ecology in themselves. 15 years ago the central building was a pachinko and shark banks were loaning money in the adjacent buildings， as a never ending economical cycle. Nowadays only banks remain in the same place. New bussines appeared， as a cat cafe， where you can pet a cat while you are having a coffee.

1-这3栋建筑与巴黎圣母院有着类似的外表，构成了一个都市生态系统/With the same appearance as Notre Dame cathedral， these 3 buildings are one urban ecology

2-弹珠博彩店在中间，高利贷机构在两侧/pachinko in the central building， shark banks in the laterals

3-弹珠博彩大楼现在是卡拉OK店/The pachinko is now a karaoke building 4-仅剩下高利贷机构/Only shark banks remain

10高速公路巡查大楼

这座建筑的居民同时包括了人和机动车。或者更甚，只有在驾驶机动车的情况下人才可以进入。因为这座建筑并没有一个主要的步行者入口，没有大门，没有门铃。只有驾驶着机动车，人才能够进入主要楼层。在过去的15年中，这座建筑经历了由于建筑基本法的修编而必须进行的抗震改造。它的表皮也产生了变化，出现了住宅楼式的阳台。

10Expressway patrol building

The inhabitants of this building are both cars and people. Even more， you can only enter if you are driving a vehicle. There is no principal pedestrian entrance， no door， no bell. To access to the main level man depends on cars. During the last 15 years the structure of the building has been renovated according to earthquake regulations. It has also changed the skin， including housing balconies.

1-与道路超接近的商住楼/Home & office building hyper-close to streets

2-改造表皮/Updated skin

3-车辆从高速公路直接进入大楼/Vehicles access directly from the expressway to the building

4-从高速公路直接进入办公楼/Access from expressway to the office

14高尔夫出租车大楼

这座建筑的所有者没有改变，它是高尔夫练习场与出租车停车场令人惊异的共生案例。巨大的保护网漂浮在目黑社区的上空。仅是保护网本身就已足够定义两个互补的空间及功能。高尔夫球爱好者在建筑物的上层部分面向保护网的内部进行练习。同样倾斜的网状结构同时也定义了位于建筑物低层部分的出租车停车场的屋顶。两种功能的出入口和流线相互交织在一起。

14Golf taxi building

Run by the same owner， the golf taxi building is an unexpected case of spatial symbiosis between a golf practicing area and a taxi parking. A huge net emerges over Meguro neighbourhood. And just a net is enough to define two complementary spaces and programs. Golfers practice towards the interior net from the upper lever of the building. The same sloping net defines the ceiling of the taxi parking in the lower level. Entrances and circulations of both programs are intertwined.

1-新的露天吸烟区/New open-air smoking area

2-高尔夫练习场/Golf practicing area

3-新建处理室/New refreshing room

4-高尔夫玩家的新停车空间/New parking space for golf clients

5-网笼，出租车停车的天花板是网状的斜面/Netted cage， the ceiling of the taxi parking is a netted slope

6-出租车双层停车楼/Taxi parking in two levels

19从空调大楼到？

这座建筑是一座巨大的空调机。它坐落在羽田机场的附近，作为一座巨大的空调器负责对机场相关设施所在的建筑物进行制冷和供暖。由于这些建筑在近年均设置了各自的制冷单元，空调大楼已不再运行。它很快将被一座新的建筑取代，但是其所有者尚未提出任何具体的规划。

19From air-con building to ？

This building is a huge air-conditioner machine. Located closed to Haneda airport， air-con building is an equipment for cooling and heating the sorrounding buildings related to airport facilities. Because all of them have been updated with cooling units， the air-con building is not in use anymore. A new building will replace it soon but they don't have any plans yet.

1-周围建筑有了新的冷却塔，所以这栋建筑不再使用/The sorrounding buildings have new cooling towers， so the building is not in use anymore

2-巨大开敞的冷却塔/Large and open cooling towers

3-该建筑不久将被拆除，但业主并不清楚之后将此地如何安置/The building is going to be demolished soon， but the owner doesn't know which program is going to replace it yet

4-周围与机场设施相关建筑的加热与冷却设备/Facility for heating and cooling the sorrounding buildings related to airport facilities

5-与周边建筑连通的管线/pipelines that connected into the sorrounding buildings

6-管线已于2015年夏季被拆除/The pipelines have been disassembled in the summer of 2015

27从高速路出入口网球场到高速路出入口停车场

东京大部分的高速公路都以高架桥的形式存在，这样的结构产生了大量的高架桥下空间。这种位于环形高速路中央的圆柱形空间通常都作为城市空白被忽略，然而在这里，这个直径61m的空间却成为了一个具有价值并被积极利用的空间。它的功能在过去的15年中从网球场变为了卡车停车场。

27From interchange court to interchange parking

Most of the expressways in Tokyo are elevated from the ground and this situation generates enormous amounts of underinfrastructure space. This cylindrical space that remains in the middle of the the loop of a expressway， that usually would be ignored by the city as an urban void， becomes here a valuable and actively utilised space of 61 meters-diameter， which has change its program in the last 15 years， from tennis courts to truck parking.

1-卡车停车场/Truck parking

2-位于高速公路坡道围院中的车辆停车场/Car parking in the courtyard enclosed by expressway ramps

3-位于高速公路坡道围院中的网球场/Tennis courts in the courtyard enclosed by expressway ramps

29超级机动车学校

金町超级市场的屋顶上坐落着一座非标准的城市景观：一座机动车驾驶学校。铁道线路的线型直接塑造了这座建筑曲线形的外轮廓。然而如今，由于铁道路线的改变，这些轨道已经不再被使用。一座野生的花园开始在停车场旁边生长起来。在几乎见不到路面停车道的东京，这种情况是非常罕见的。在东京，想要购买一辆车，你需要首先出示拥有相应停车空间的证明。所有的车辆都需要有一个家。

29Super car school

The rooftop of Kanamachi supermarket is a non-standard urban landscape: a driving school. The curved shape of this building was defined by the train tracks. However， the route changed and nowadays they are not in operation. A wild garden has naturally grown in its place， next to the parking. This situation is quite unusual in Tokyo， where streets never have parking lanes. Even more， whenever you want to buy a vehicle， a proof that you own a parking space is needed. All cars need a home.

1-超市屋顶的驾校/Driving school on top of a supermarket

2-铁道不再使用，院子中野草丛生/The railroad is not in operation， wild grass has grown

3-场地被弧形铁道围住/The site is defined by the curve of the train tracks 4-街道层的停车场/parking in the street level

33阿美横町的空中寺庙

东京是一座三维城市，阿美横町的空中寺庙证明了这一点。这座历史长达600年的寺庙被建造在一个商业区屋顶的人工地基上。神圣的场所通常都与一个特定的地点联系紧密，这样的场所有时经历拆除和重建，但它们永远在一个三维的世界中与各种其他的活动共同存在。在这里，商店本身经历了新旧更替，它们的招牌也焕然一新。

33Ameyoko flying temple

Tokyo is a 3D city， and Ameyoko flying temple an evidence of that. With more than 600 years of history， this shrine is stablished on an artificial ground on top of a shopping area. Sacred places are linked to a certain site， sometimes demolished and rebuilt， but they coexit in 3D with all types of activities. In this case， shops have changed and their signs have been updated.

1-有600年历史的寺庙位于人工基地之上/With 600 years of history， the temple is located on an artificial ground

2-圣地之下是拥挤的商业区/Underneath the shrine， there is a crowded commercial area

3-店铺与招牌已经变了/Shops and signs have changed

4-商店之间的神道/Sacred path in between shops

5-从圣地可以看到山手线列车经过/From the shrine one can see Yamanote line trains passing

47从吸血公园到会议中心

15年前，秋叶原车站旁一块被霓虹灯建筑包围的土地上，坐落着一家公共体育设施和占据其一角的献血站。两者共同构成了一种非标准化的城市生态系统。现在，这些设施已经不复存在，取而代之的是一座突兀的高达35层的会议中心。

47From vampire park to convention hall

15years ago， in front of Akihabara station and surrounded by neon buildings， a public sports facilities and a tiny blood donation building lived together as a non-standard urban ecology. Nowadays nothing remains； a 35 storey convention hall is abruptly sited.

1-开放空间、城市体育场/Open space， urban sports areas

2-一栋突兀的35层大楼立于此处/A 35-floor building is abruptely located

3-献血站位于体育场之间/Blood donation building was located in between sports courts

4-秋叶原会议中心停车入口/Akihabara convention hall parking entrance

63宠物建筑

宠物建筑在东京随处可见，“它们比家具大，但仍然太小以至于无法被视为一座建筑。”［3］在大崎的一块狭小的三角形土地上，曾坐落在这里的住宅、仓库及自动贩卖机已经被一个城市花园取代。由于日本的遗产继承税高居世界首位，一些家庭通常无法负担高额的税金，因而决定将他们所拥有的土地分成两部分。这样的做法引发了一个不断将土地划分为更小的基地的连锁过程。

63pet architecture

Tokyo is full of pet architecture: "items bigger than furniture but too small to be recognized as architecture. "［3］In this tiny triangular site in Osaki， a storage&home with vending machines has been replaced by an urban garden. Because Japanese inheritance taxes are the highest in the world， sometimes families cannot afford them and decided to split their property in two. This situation causes a continous process of site subdivission in smaller and smaller lots.

1-新的3层住宅建筑/New 3-floor housing building

2-自动售货机保留/The vending machine remains

3-住宅与仓库被改造为菜园/House & storage have been replaced by a vegetable garden

4-小住宅与仓库在背面/Tiny house & storage at the back

5-自动售货机与洗衣机/Vending machines & washing machine

69从洗车平台到高级公寓

这里15年前是一座自助式机械洗车店，如今这里矗立着一座巨大的住宅建筑。在看到这座完全由机器进行自动化控制的设施时，犬吠工作室曾质疑人的技巧和速度是否已经无法与机器进行竞争。然而现在我们可以说，住宅市场最终在这场竞争中获胜。

69From carwash terrace to luxury apartments

In the site where 15 years ago a do it yourself & machine carwash was located， now stands a huge housing building. In a facility where everything was operated automatically， Atelier Bow-Wow questioned if human skills and speed can compete with machines. Now we can state that housing market does.

1-高级公寓代代木都市阳台/Luxury apartments City Terrace Yoyogi Koen

2-住户自动停车区/Auto parking for residents

3-拓宽的山手街/Widened Yamate street

4-上层自助洗车/Upper level do-it-yourself carwash

5-下层机器洗车/Lower level machine carwash

Made in Tokyo: 15th Year Update