低碳城市规划设计

王凯

王 凯

全国工程勘察设计大师

中国城市规划设计研究院院长

随着我国城镇化进程进入中后期，“生态”“绿色”“低碳”成为城乡规划建设领域的热点方向，各地相继开展了从建筑到城市的多层次探索与实践。在2020年我国提出“30·60”双碳目标之后，推动城乡建设领域碳达峰更成为当前极为重要且紧迫的工作，也将成为城市设计教学与实践的重要价值导向和创新源泉。本期以“低碳城市规划设计”为主题，旨在梳理总结国际国内经验，展示国内近期实践，探索教学体系改革。从杂志收录的文章看，可以概括为以下特征。

1 兼顾增量建设和存量更新

国内早期的绿色低碳实践主要以增量建设为主，例如中新天津生态城、青岛中德生态园都是绿色低碳新区建设的优秀案例。2022年我国的常住人口城镇化率已达65.22%，城市发展进入城市更新的重要时期，在城市更新行动中贯彻绿色低碳理念，能够有效提高既有建筑能效、降低城市建成区碳排放，对实现城乡建设领域碳达峰具有更为重要的意义。《城市绿色更新中的若干思考》一文中，崔愷院士敏锐地指出，存量更新时代，城市建设需要兼顾“降低能耗、降低碳排、降低投资”和“提升环境、提升品质、提升生活”，并提出“增绿、绿改、共享、微增、混搭”等设计手法，实现“城市绿色更新”。《既有建成区零碳更新改造的经验模式探索——博鳌东屿岛零碳更新改造回顾》一文所阐述的海南博鳌零碳示范区项目，也是以绿色低碳理念推动城市更新的典型案例，该项目计划利用3年时间，通过对既有环境和设施设备的更新改造，达到运营阶段碳中和目标。

2 兼顾技术赋能和艺术赋形

实现绿色低碳目标需要创新、集成一系列高新技术。《近零能耗建筑降碳效果研究——山西新源智慧建设运行总部A座办公楼实例分析》一文中，徐伟大师团队采用“被动优先、主动优化、可再生能源应用、精细化运维”的四位一体解决方案，设计近零能耗办公建筑，其技术已处于国际领先地位。同时，正如乔布斯称其“站在科学与艺术的交叉口”一样，城乡建设领域也需要将技术与艺术结合、将理性与感性结合，营造能够“直击人心、为之动容”的建筑和城市。这就需要发挥城市设计的作用，以形式包容功能、以艺术烘托技术，创造出符合21世纪审美价值观的艺术作品，让绿色低碳建筑与城市成为人民群众喜闻乐见的幸福家园。《新加坡新市镇的绿色低碳系统化解决方案——以榜鹅新镇为例》一文中，阐述了新加坡榜鹅新市镇通过将绿色低碳技术与建筑环境艺术相结合，大大提高了居民的认同感和归属感；崔愷院士强调“该疏的疏、该密的密、该高的高、该低的低”的“顺其自然”藝术手法，而非“整齐划一”过度干预，这是对绿色审美的精辟诠释；徐伟大师团队强调建筑美学与节能降耗技术在方案设计早期的融合；青岛市的奥帆中心零碳社区、中德生态园智能绿塔、上合之珠国际博览中心等项目都是技术与艺术结合的典范作品；《新工科背景下的生态城市设计教学体系探索》一文阐述了生态城市设计课程改革思路，强化“立足基础、对接科研、融合项目”的“产学研政用”一体化教学思路。

3 兼顾系统协同和重点突破

以往国内绿色低碳建设的重点集中在单体建筑层面，聚焦在“绿色建造”“提升建筑围护结构”“提高建筑终端设备能效”等有限领域。近年来，绿色低碳建设在空间层次上逐步扩展到小区、社区、城区、城市层面，在技术领域上逐步扩展到空间格局、清洁能源、绿色交通、水系统、废弃物处理、生态园林绿化、智慧运营等方面，在目标上协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长。同时，越来越关注跨领域的系统协同，越来越关注根据具体项目的气候特征、资源条件、经济基础、人群需求差异，提出定制化方案。从系统协同维度看，《中新天津生态城绿色低碳理念与实践》一文中，阐述了中新天津生态城“指标体系、生态优先、职住平衡、服务均好、五水共治、清洁能源、资源循环、智慧赋能、绿色生活”9个方面的绿色低碳理念与技术，今天的中新天津生态城已成为我国面向世界展示经济蓬勃、资源节约、环境友好、社会和谐的绿色低碳城市典范；《从城区维度践行绿色低碳发展的路径研究——以青岛中德生态园为例》一文中，阐述了青岛中德生态园“规划—建设—管理”全过程在理念、技术、标准、平台、机制等方面的探索和创新；《技术逻辑与行为逻辑下的低碳社区设计研究——以奉贤上海之鱼为例》一文从技术逻辑与行为逻辑双重视角出发，建构智慧能源、共享出行、零废循环三类减碳技术应用框架，营造户户亲水、湖风清凉、健康趣游三大低碳生活场景，并依托社区碳普惠机制实现可持续运营；海南博鳌零碳示范区在规划之初就确立了“环境自然、区域零碳、资源循环、智慧运营”四大理念，并生成“园林景观生态化改造、建筑绿色化改造、可再生能源利用、交通绿色化改造、新型电力系统、固废资源化处理、水资源循环利用、运营智慧化”八大类项目。从因地制宜维度看，《长三角一体化战略下的江南水网地区流域生态保护与高质量发展研究——以太浦河流域为例》一文阐述了适用于江南水网地区的城镇村绿色生态空间组织模式；《绿色建筑评价标准在北京老城平房院落更新改造中的适应性分析与建议》一文阐述了老城平房院落的特色化绿色建筑评价体系和定制化更新改造方案。

4 兼顾国际借鉴和自主创新

《新加坡新市镇的绿色低碳系统化解决方案——以榜鹅新镇为例》一文中，阐述了新加坡五代新市镇的绿色低碳理念与技术发展历程，第五代“榜鹅新镇”的绿色社区、绿色建筑、绿色生态、绿色技术等理念对我国仍有借鉴意义。同时，随着我国绿色低碳规划建设实践的快速推广，以及政府主导、全社会参与的中国特色社会主义制度优势，国内的优秀案例日益增多、先进技术日益成熟，逐渐从跟跑者转变为并跑者和领跑者。未来，我国还将继续总结、归纳绿色低碳规划建设经验，形成标准、规范、导则、工具包，为“一带一路”沿线国家的绿色低碳发展贡献中国智慧。《评估导向的青岛绿色城市建设发展试点探索》一文中，阐述了由住房城乡建设部、中国人民银行、银保监会批复的青岛市成为全国首个绿色城市建设发展试点，并以两阶段评估指导绿色城市建设，充分体现了我国顶层推动的制度优势。海南博鳌零碳示范区更新改造已基本完成，各项指标已达到或超过了预设目标，将成为全国性示范项目和具有国际引领示范作用的零碳绿色发展标杆。

綠色低碳发展是全人类的共同责任，是中国式现代化的应有之义，也是人民美好生活向往的大势所趋。绿色低碳城乡建设是推动城市高质量发展的“底色”，也是城市设计的价值导向和创新源泉。推动城乡建设绿色低碳发展要兼顾增量建设和存量更新、兼顾技术赋能和艺术赋形、兼顾系统协同和重点突破、兼顾国际借鉴和自主创新，实现从建筑到城市、从示范到推广，把更多的优秀作品写在祖国大地之上。

Kai Wang

National Master of Engineering Survey and Design

President of China Academy of Urban Planning and Design

THEME： LOW-CARBON URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN

As Chinas urbanization process enters the middle to late stage， “ecology”， “green”， and “low-carbon” have become hot topics in the field of urban and rural planning and construction. Various localities have successively carried out multi-level explorations and practices from buildings to cities. After China proposed the “30·60” dual carbon goals in 2020， promoting carbon peak in urban and rural construction fields has become an extremely important and urgent task， and it will also become an important value orientation and source of innovation in the teaching and practice of urban design. The current issue of Urban Design magazine， themed Low-Carbon Urban Planning and Design， aims to summarize international and domestic experiences， showcase recent domestic practices， and explore the reform of the teaching system. From the articles included in this special issue， the following characteristics can be summarized.

1 Balancing Construction and Renewal

Early domestic practices in green and low-carbon development primarily focused on new construction， with outstanding examples such as the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city and the Qingdao Sino-German Eco-park. By 2022， Chinas urbanization rate of permanent residents had reached 65.22%， marking a significant period for urban renewal. Incorporating green and low-carbon concepts into urban renewal efforts can effectively enhance the energy efficiency of existing buildings and reduce carbon emissions in urban built-up areas， playing a more significant role in achieving peak carbon emissions in urban and rural construction. In the article “Viewpoints on green urban renovation”， academician Cui Kai insightfully points out that during the era of stock renewal， urban construction needs to balance “reducing energy consumption， carbon emissions， and investment” with “improving the environment， quality， and living standards”. He proposes design techniques such as “increasing greenery， green renovation， sharing， micro-expansion， and mixed use” to achieve “urban green renewal”. The Hainan Boao Zero-carbon Demonstration Zone project， discussed in the article “Exploring of zero carbon renewal in Built-up areas： Retrospection of zero carbon renewal in Boao Dongyu Island”， is also a typical case of promoting urban renewal with green and low-carbon concepts. The project aims to achieve carbon neutrality during the operational phase within three years by renovating and upgrading the existing environments and facilities.

2 Balancing Technology and Art

Achieving green and low-carbon goals requires innovation and the integration of a series of high-tech solutions. In the article “Study on carbon reduction effect of nearly zero energy building： Shanxi Xinyuan Wisdom construction and operation headquarter block A”， master Xu Weis team adopted a four-in-one solution of “passive priority， active optimization， renewable energy application， and refined operation and maintenance” to design nearly zero energy office buildings， whose technology is at the forefront internationally. At the same time， just as Steve Jobs described it as “standing at the intersection of technologyand art”， the field of urban and rural construction also needs to combine technology with art， and rationality with sensibility， to create astonishing buildings and cities. This requires the role of urban design to accommodate function with form， and to enhance technology with art， creating works of art that conform to the aesthetic values of the 21st century， and making green and low-carbon buildings and cities as happy homeland of the people. The article “Green and low-carbon systematic solutions for New Towns in Singapore： Taking Punggol New Town as an example” elaborates how Ponggol New Town in Singapore has greatly increased residents senses of identity and belonging by combining green and low-carbon technology with architectural and environmental art. Academician Cui Kai emphasizes the artistic technique of “letting nature take its course”， which means “dispersing where it should be dispersed， concentrating where it should be concentrated， being high where it should be high， and being low where it should be low”， rather than the excessive intervention with a “uniform” approach， which is a profound interpretation of green aesthetics. Master Xu Weis team emphasizes the early integration of architectural aesthetics and energy-saving technologies in solution design. Projects such as Qingdao Olympic Sailing Center Zero-carbon Community， Sino-German Eco-park Intelligent Green Tower， and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Pearl International Expo Center are all exemplary works that combine technology and art. The article “Exploration of ecological city design teaching system in the Context of new engineering and technical disciplines” elaborates on the reform ideas of the ecological urban design curriculum， and strengthens the integrated teaching approach of industry， education， research， government， and application， grounded in fundamentals， connected with scientific research， and integrated with projects.

3 Balancing Systemic Coordination and Key Breakthroughs

In the past， the domestic green and low-carbon construction was concentrated on the level of individual buildings， focusing on limited areas such as “green construction”， “improving the airtightness of building maintenance structures”， and “enhancing the energy efficiency of building terminal equipment”. In recent years， the green and low-carbon construction has gradually expanded to the spatial levels of neighborhoods， communities， urban districts， and cities. Technically， it has extended to many aspects such as spatial patterns， clean energy， green transportation， water systems， waste management， ecological landscaping， and smart operations. The goals have also evolved to promote carbon reduction， pollution decrease， green expansion， and economic growth in a coordinated manner. At the same time， there is an increasing focus on the cross-disciplinary system coordination and on proposing customized solutions based on the specific climatic characteristics， resource conditions， economic foundations， and population needs of each project. From the perspective of system coordination， the article “Green and low-carbon concepts and practices of Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city” elaborates on the green and low-carbon concepts and technologies of the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city in nine aspects： “indicator system， ecological priority， balance between jobs and residence， equitable services， integrated water management， clean energy， resource recycling， smart operation， and green living”. Today， the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city has become a model for China to showcase a green and low-carbon city to the world that is economically vibrant， resource-efficient， environmentally friendly， and socially harmonious. The article “Research on the path of implementing green and low carbon development from the urban dimension： Taking Qingdao Sino German Ecological Park as an example” discusses the exploration and innovation of Qingdao Sino-German Eco-park in the entire process of “planning-construction-management” in terms of concepts， technology， standards， platforms， and mechanisms. The article “Research on low-carbon community design under technical logic and behavioral logic：The case of Fengxian Shanghaizhiyu community” constructs a framework for three types of carbon reduction technologies—smart energy， shared travel， and zero-waste recycling—from dual perspectives of technical and behavioral logic. It creates three low-carbon living scenarios—waterside homes， cool lake breezes， and healthy recreation—and relies on a carbon inclusion mechanism for sustainableoperation at the community-level. The Hainan Boao Zero-carbon DemonstrationZone established four major concepts at the beginning of its planning： “naturalenvironment， regional zero-carbon， resource recycling， and smart operation”，generating eight categories of projects including “garden landscape ecologicaltransformation， green building renovation， renewable energy utilization， greentransportation transformation， new power systems， solid waste resource treatment，water resource recycling， and intelligent operation”. From the perspective ofadapting measures to local conditions， the article “Study on ecological protectionand high quality development of Jiangnan water network area under Yangtze Riverdelta integration strategy： Take Taipu River basin as an example” elaborates on thegreen， ecological， and spatial organization model suitable for the urban and ruralareas in the Jiangnan water network region. The article “The adaptability analysisand recommendations of green building evaluation standards in the renovation ofbungalow courtyards in Beijings old city” discusses a characteristic green buildingevaluation system for old city single-story courtyard houses and customizedrenovation plans.

4 Balancing International Examples and Independent Innovation

In the article “Green and low-carbon systematic solutions for New Towns inSingapore： Taking Punggol New Town as an example”， the evolution of green andlow-carbon concepts and technologies across the fifth generation of Singaporesnew towns is discussed. The concepts of green community， green buildings， greenecology， and green technology of the fifth generation， taking Punggol New Townas a representative， still hold significant values for our country to learn from.Meanwhile， with the rapid promotion of green and low-carbon planning andconstruction practices in our country， and the advantages of the socialist systemwith Chinese characteristics led by the government and participated by the wholesociety， domestic outstanding cases are increasing， advanced technologies arematuring， and we are gradually transitioning from followers to parallel runnersand even leaders. In the future， China will continue to summarize and generalizeexperiences in green and low-carbon planning and construction， forming standards，norms， guidelines， and toolkits， contributing Chinese wisdom to the green and lowcarbondevelopment of countries along the Belt and Road. The article “Qingdaogreen city construction and development guided by evaluation” discusses howQingdao， approved by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development， thePeoples Bank of China， and the Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission，became the nations first green city construction development pilot， guiding thegreen city construction with a two-stage assessment， fully reflecting the institutionaladvantages of top-level promotion in our country. The renovation of the HainanBoao Zero-carbon Demonstration Zone has been essentially completed， withvarious indicators meeting or exceeding preset targets， set to become a nationaldemonstration project and a leading international benchmark for zero-carbon greendevelopment.

Green and low-carbon development is a common responsibility of allhumanity， an inherent part of Chinese-style modernization， and a trend towardsthe peoples aspiration for a better life. The green and low-carbon urban andrural construction is the “underlying tone” that promotes the high-quality urbandevelopment， as well as the value orientation and source of innovation for urbandesign. To promote the green and low-carbon development in urban and ruralconstruction， we must balance construction and renewal， technology and art，systemic coordination and key breakthroughs， and international examples andindependent innovation， achieving a transition from buildings to cities and fromdemonstration to promotion， and constructing more excellent buildings on ourmotherland.